Acta veterinaria Hungarica最新文献

Canine leishmaniosis (CanL) caused by Leishmania infantum is traditionally endemic in the Mediterranean basin; however, imported infections and sporadic autochthonous cases are increasingly often reported in Central Europe. Recent field surveys and curated vector-distribution datasets indicate that several phlebotomine sand fly species occur in the Carpathian Basin and climate-based suitability models suggest that ecologically favourable microhabitats may be present beyond the historical endemic zone. In this narrative, practice-oriented review, we synthesise literature published between 2004 and 2026, including European entomological studies, VectorNet outputs and current clinical guidelines, to frame CanL risk in Hungary as low but non-zero. Available evidence confirms the presence of multiple Phlebotomus species in Hungary, whereas detection of Leishmania in sand flies remains rare and sustained local transmission has not been demonstrated. Within this epidemiological context, we propose a risk-stratified diagnostic approach that integrates travel or import history, pre-test probability and staged use of quantitative serology, PCR, cytology/histology and clinicopathology. Stage-adapted treatment, preventive measures for travelling and imported dogs and blood donor screening are discussed with emphasis on avoiding misclassification and overtreatment in low-prevalence settings. Finally, we outline how veterinary practices can contribute sentinel data and risk communication within a One Health framework.

Isopods of the genus Braga (Cymothoidae) are haematophagous parasites of neotropical fish, causing anaemia, tissue damage and mortality. Braga nasuta, endemic to Brazil, has been reported from various hosts, including ornamental species exported worldwide. During a routine examination of imported cardinal tetra (Paracheirodon axelrodi, Schultz, 1956), the authors detected a fish harbouring an adult male isopod (6.21 mm long, 2.66 mm wide) attached anterior to the dorsal fin. Based on morphological identification, the parasite was B. nasuta. No secondary pathogens were observed in the affected fish specimen. Given the global trade in ornamental species, the introduction of B. nasuta into non-native regions underscores the importance of quarantine and parasite monitoring. Phylogenetic analysis has revealed that B. nasuta is most closely related to other freshwater parasitic isopods. While the potential ability of this parasite to establish populations in Europe requires further studies, vigilance is warranted to prevent potential spread and ecological damage.

Gastroesophageal intussusception (GEI) is a rare and often fatal condition in felids characterised by the invagination of the stomach into the caudal oesophagus. We report GEI with focal gastric perforation in a 10-year-old male caracal (Caracal caracal) submitted for necropsy after recent episodes of vomiting. Gross examination revealed marked oesophageal distension, gastric intussusception into the caudal oesophagus, a perforating gastric ulcer and brittle skeletal bones suggestive of a dietary aetiology. No ante-mortem imaging was performed and histopathology of the intussuscepted gastric tissue was not available, which is acknowledged as a limitation. To our knowledge, this is the first documented GEI in a caracal. The case highlights a rare pathology in a wild felid species, diagnostic limits of postmortem recognition of predisposing factors (e.g., transient hiatal hernia), the possible contribution of vomiting and underscoring the need for ancillary diagnostics and further investigation in exotic felids.

Foreign body ingestion is a commonly observed condition in domestic felines and, to a lesser extent, in captive wild felids. This report describes two cases of high-pressure hose ingestion in African lions (Panthera leo) and explores a possible association with a toxic syndrome. Two African lions, a three-year-old male (Case 1) and a ten-year-old female (Case 2), housed in the same enclosure, exhibited neurological signs suggestive of toxic syndrome. The male (Case 1) initially presented with ataxia, loss of pelvic limb tone and sialorrhea, showing only a mild response to clinical treatment. Diagnostic imaging (radiography) revealed a radiopaque object consistent with a gastric foreign body, and chewed fragments of a high-pressure hose were identified upon inspection of the enclosure. Four fragments were removed via endoscopy. One week later, the female (Case 2) developed similar neurological signs, including head tilt, muscle tremors and auricular asymmetry. Laboratory findings revealed leukocytosis with neutrophilia and radiographic evidence of a gastric foreign body. Three hose fragments were endoscopically removed. Both animals made a full recovery within approximately one month. These cases suggest the importance of thoroughly inspecting items used as environmental enrichment, particularly those made of potentially toxic or poorly digestible material, such as high-pressure rubber.

The aim of this study was to obtain an overview of applied contraceptive methods, with a special focus on the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) vaccination with Improvac®, in animals in zoological institutions in German-speaking countries. A survey was prepared inquiring commonly vaccinated species, application intervals and booster vaccinations over the past 11 years and sent to 84 zoological facilities. The questionnaire was answered by the respective veterinarians of 21 zoos (response rate 25%). In the study period, the GnRH vaccine was used in 188 individuals of 42 mammalian species. Bovids were vaccinated the most frequently, followed by giraffes, equids and camelids. Application intervals varied widely between zoos and animal species. The most frequently cited reasons for contraception were population management and breeding exclusion on the recommendation of the EAZA Ex situ Programmes. Undesirable pregnancies during vaccination were observed in 17 individuals (12.1%). Three animals successfully produced offspring after cessation of GnRH vaccination. Most common side effects after the injections were a localised swelling, slight lameness and sexual hyperactivity in some male individuals. It can be concluded that contraception with Improvac® is common in zoological institutions, although no consistent vaccination scheme was identified for most species.

Inactivated FMD vaccine with aluminium hydroxide induces Th2 response. Glycyrrhizin is a triterpenoid saponin extracted from the licorice plant, which has immunomodulatory activities. In this study, two different formulations (oil- and alum-based adjuvants) of FMD vaccines were used to see if glycyrrhizic acid (GZA) has an enhancing effect on the adjuvant, and whether its impact depends on the nature of the co-administered adjuvant or not. Balb/c mice were immunised subcutaneously on days 0, 14, and 28 with 2 μg of inactivated FMD virus formulated in Alum or Montanide ISA206 adjuvant with or without GZA. Two weeks later, IFN-γ, IL-2 and IL-4 cytokines, specific total IgG antibodies, IgG1 and IgG2a isotypes, IgG avidity index and serum neutralisation activity were evaluated. The results indicate that GZA enhanced IFN-γ, IL-2 and IFN-γ/IL-4 levels and specific IgG titre compared to the FMD-Alum group. In addition, FMD-Montanide ISA206-GZA enhanced IFN-γ and IFN-γ/IL-4 ratio, whereas it suppressed the specific IgG titre and the avidity index. Furthermore, serum neutralisation tests showed a significant increase in FMD-Alum-GZA group, while GZA in the Montanide-based vaccine suppressed the serum neutralisation response. These findings suggest that the adjuvant effect of GZA is dependent on the co-administered adjuvant.

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) causes severe reproductive losses in pregnant sows and piglets, resulting in substantial economic impact on the swine industry worldwide. However, due to the significant genetic diversity and rapid evolutionary changes of the pathogen, continuous surveillance and detailed genetic analysis of circulating strains are essential. The current study aimed to evaluate the genetic diversity of the hypervariable (HV) region of non-structural protein 2 (nsp2) among North American PRRSV strains isolated from swine farms in Vietnam. Phylogenetic analysis and multiple sequence alignment were conducted to determine subtype classification and assess genetic variability. A total of 48 field isolates were obtained, of which 12.5% belonged to classical NA-PRRSV, 16.6% to NADC30-like and 70.9% to HP-PRRSV, primarily distributed across sublineages 1.4, 5.1, 8.7 and 8.9. Amino acid comparisons found multiple insertions, deletions and substitutions at various positions within the hypervariable region of nsp2. The study revealed substantial genetic variation in the HV region of nsp2 among NA-PRRSV field strains, largely associated with recombination and immune escape. These findings highlight epidemiological risks to vaccine efficacy and underscore the need for continuous molecular surveillance to support effective PRRSV control in Vietnam.

Mammary gland tumours are the most frequently diagnosed neoplasms in female dogs, involving either the mammary gland parenchyma or the mammary papilla. This is a case report of a malignant adenomyoepithelioma with papillary arrangement in the mammary papilla of a 13-year-old female Lhasa Apso, highlighting the histopathological and immunohistochemical characteristics of the tumour. Grossly, the sample consisted of a exophytic, soft to firm nodule measuring 1.0 × 1.0 cm. On the cut surface, the sample presented an irregular pattern and a cystic cavity. The cut surface of the sentinel lymph node showed a solid and heterogeneous aspect. Histologically, the mammary gland presented a neoplastic proliferation of epithelial and myoepithelial cells in a mostly papillary pattern. Myoepithelial cells exhibited elongated, manly vacuolated cytoplasm, with indistinct boundaries, moderate anisocytosis, anisokaryosis and moderate cellular and nuclear pleomorphism, with seven mitotic figures per 10 high-power fields (i.e., 2.37 mm2). The lymph node presented follicular hyperplasia. Immunohistochemical analysis of the primary tumour revealed neoplastic cells positive for pan-cytokeratin and p63, presented a Ki-67 index of 20% and were negative (score 0) for cyclooxygenase-2. Based on histomorphological and immunophenotypic findings, the mammary tumour was diagnosed as a malignant adenomyoepithelioma with a papillary pattern.

Among dogs with hyperadrenocorticism (HAC), thrombocytosis is frequently reported and is considered to be associated with a hypercoagulable state. Substantial and easily accessible haematological evidence such as platelet count (PLT), plateletcrit (PCT), mean platelet volume (MPV) and platelet distribution width (PDW) indicating hypercoagulability may serve as a basis for considering therapeutic management. This study was performed on 22 dogs diagnosed with uncomplicated pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism (PDH). Twelve dogs were assigned to the control group by computer-based randomisations. A series of standard clinical procedures in all dogs, including clinical examination, blood analyses, urinalysis and abdominal ultrasonography were performed. Platelet-related indices such as PLT, PCT, MPV and PDW were also evaluated at the time of admission in all dogs. Dogs were excluded if they had a secondary disease or hypertension (≥160 mmHg). Although no statistical significance was present, PLT, PCT and PDW were higher in PDH dogs compared to healthy controls. In addition, MPV was lower in PDH dogs (P < 0.05). In conclusion, exhausted bone marrow activity associated with the chronicity of HAC may demonstrate lower MPV values in dogs with PDH. Further studies evaluating the relationship between platelet parameters obtained by whole blood samples and PDH dogs are needed.

Porcine Circovirus 3 (PCV-3) was first identified in 2016 and has since been detected in swine herds worldwide. The aim of this study was to survey the prevalence of PCV-2 and PCV-3 in large Hungarian swine herds. Between July 2020 and April 2022, a total of 1,408 blood samples were collected from 18 large herds and pooled sampling was applied by combining equal amounts from five individuals per pool. PCV-3 positive samples were detected in 94.4% (17/18) of the farms, with an overall apparent prevalence of 30.4% (89/293) in the tested pools. PCV-2 was found in 50.0% (9/18) of the farms, with 14.7% (43/293) of pools testing positive. After correction for imperfect PCR sensitivity and specificity (assumed to be 95%), the corrected prevalence of PCV-3 was 28.2% (83/293) and 10.7% (32/293) for PCV-2, farm-level prevalence estimates remained unchanged. Quantitative PCR analysis revealed that 24.2% of the PCV-3-positive pools had low (Cq > 30), 5.8% medium (28 < Cq < 30) and 1.0% high viral loads (Cq < 28). These results confirm that PCV-3 is widely present in large Hungarian swine farms. The relatively high prevalence, viral load and frequent co-infections raise the possibility of subclinical infections, although the clinical significance of PCV-3 requires further investigation.