Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.37421/2155-6113.2021.12.855
Kindu Kebede Gebre
Background: Tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus have been closely linked and East Africa is the hardest region hit by tuberculosis and Human immunodeficiency virus including Ethiopia. The main objective of this study was to identify the associated variables with tuberculosis status and CD4 cell count chance of patients jointly in Gonder teaching referral hospital, Gonder, Ethiopia implemented by SAS version 94. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted on AIDS patients whose age greater than 19 years from 1st January, 2018- 30th January, 2020. Generalized linear mixed model was used to identify the factors of CD4 cell count and tuberculosis status of patients separately and jointly. Results: The mean with a standard deviation of weight, and a hemoglobin level of patients were 55.48 (10.21), and 18.25 (33.028) respectively. The baseline characteristics of patients included in this study was the median CD4 count of patients was 378 cells per cubic millimeter of blood. The generalized linear mixed model was well fitted which shows, opportunistic infection, weight and hemoglobin level were significantly associated with log of CD4 cell count and tuberculosis status of patients at 5% level of significance. Conclusion: From this study, hemoglobin level, weight, and opportunistic infection of other disease were statistically significant at a 5% level of significance for the log of CD4 count and TB status of patients jointly. The result of the study shows that the log of CD4 count of patients increased when hemoglobin level and weight of patients increased. In addition, the log of CD4 count of AIDS patients who has other disease is 5.04 more likely to be co-infection than who has no other disease.
{"title":"Joint Modeling in Determinants of Status of Tuberculosis and CD4 Cell Count among Antiretroviral Therapy Attendant of HIV Infected Adults Follow Up in Gondar Teaching Referral Hospital, Gonder, Ethiopia","authors":"Kindu Kebede Gebre","doi":"10.37421/2155-6113.2021.12.855","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37421/2155-6113.2021.12.855","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus have been closely linked and East Africa is the hardest region hit by tuberculosis and Human immunodeficiency virus including Ethiopia. The main objective of this study was to identify the associated variables with tuberculosis status and CD4 cell count chance of patients jointly in Gonder teaching referral hospital, Gonder, Ethiopia implemented by SAS version 94. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted on AIDS patients whose age greater than 19 years from 1st January, 2018- 30th January, 2020. Generalized linear mixed model was used to identify the factors of CD4 cell count and tuberculosis status of patients separately and jointly. Results: The mean with a standard deviation of weight, and a hemoglobin level of patients were 55.48 (10.21), and 18.25 (33.028) respectively. The baseline characteristics of patients included in this study was the median CD4 count of patients was 378 cells per cubic millimeter of blood. The generalized linear mixed model was well fitted which shows, opportunistic infection, weight and hemoglobin level were significantly associated with log of CD4 cell count and tuberculosis status of patients at 5% level of significance. Conclusion: From this study, hemoglobin level, weight, and opportunistic infection of other disease were statistically significant at a 5% level of significance for the log of CD4 count and TB status of patients jointly. The result of the study shows that the log of CD4 count of patients increased when hemoglobin level and weight of patients increased. In addition, the log of CD4 count of AIDS patients who has other disease is 5.04 more likely to be co-infection than who has no other disease.","PeriodicalId":89166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of AIDS & clinical research","volume":"12 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70045962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.37421/2155-6113.2021.12.830
E. Stewart
{"title":"Editorial Note on HIV/AIDS: Key Facts","authors":"E. Stewart","doi":"10.37421/2155-6113.2021.12.830","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37421/2155-6113.2021.12.830","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":89166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of AIDS & clinical research","volume":"12 1","pages":"1-1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70045339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.37421/2155-6113.2021.12.854
M. Atkinson
Another World AIDS Day, which happens on December 1 every year, was just days away when this piece was being published. Not only is now a good moment to reflect on all of the successes in HIV treatment and management, particularly MTCT, but it's also a good time to think about the challenges ahead. Pediatricians, as champions of children, must be more outspoken in informing patients, families, and communities about the dangers of sexually transmitted illnesses and HIV infection, as well as the importance of testing as part of routine primary care. Rather than being the exception, this should be the rule. Until and unless this strategy is embraced, new infections will continue to be seen in young individuals, and even those who are aware of their status will be hesitant to seek treatment.
{"title":"HIV Infection in Children","authors":"M. Atkinson","doi":"10.37421/2155-6113.2021.12.854","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37421/2155-6113.2021.12.854","url":null,"abstract":"Another World AIDS Day, which happens on December 1 every year, was just days away when this piece was being published. Not only is now a good moment to reflect on all of the successes in HIV treatment and management, particularly MTCT, but it's also a good time to think about the challenges ahead. Pediatricians, as champions of children, must be more outspoken in informing patients, families, and communities about the dangers of sexually transmitted illnesses and HIV infection, as well as the importance of testing as part of routine primary care. Rather than being the exception, this should be the rule. Until and unless this strategy is embraced, new infections will continue to be seen in young individuals, and even those who are aware of their status will be hesitant to seek treatment.","PeriodicalId":89166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of AIDS & clinical research","volume":"12 1","pages":"1-1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70045954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Carla Mavian, Roxana M Coman, Xinrui Zhang, Steve Pomeroy, David A Ostrov, Ben M Dunn, John W Sleasman, Maureen M Goodenow
Therapeutic pressure by protease inhibitors (PIs) contributes to accumulation of mutations in the HIV type 1 (HIV-1) protease (PR) leading to development of drug resistance with subsequent therapy failure. Current PIs target the active site of PR in a competitive manner. Identification of molecules that exploit non-active site mechanisms of inhibition is essential to overcome resistance to current PIs. Potential non-active site HIV-1 protease (PR) inhibitors (PI) were identified by in silico screening of almost 140,000 molecules targeting the hinge region of PR. Inhibitory activity of best docking compounds was tested in an in vitro PR inhibition biochemical assay. Five compounds inhibited PR from multiple HIV-1 sub-types in vitro and reduced replicative capacity by PI-sensitive or multi-PI resistant HIV-1 variants in human cells ex vivo. Antiviral activity was boosted when combined with Ritonavir, potentially diminishing development of drug resistance, while providing effective treatment for drug resistant HIV-1 variants.
{"title":"Molecular Docking-Based Screening for Novel Inhibitors of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Protease that Effectively Reduce the Viral Replication in Human Cells.","authors":"Carla Mavian, Roxana M Coman, Xinrui Zhang, Steve Pomeroy, David A Ostrov, Ben M Dunn, John W Sleasman, Maureen M Goodenow","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Therapeutic pressure by protease inhibitors (PIs) contributes to accumulation of mutations in the HIV type 1 (HIV-1) protease (PR) leading to development of drug resistance with subsequent therapy failure. Current PIs target the active site of PR in a competitive manner. Identification of molecules that exploit non-active site mechanisms of inhibition is essential to overcome resistance to current PIs. Potential non-active site HIV-1 protease (PR) inhibitors (PI) were identified by in silico screening of almost 140,000 molecules targeting the hinge region of PR. Inhibitory activity of best docking compounds was tested in an <i>in vitro</i> PR inhibition biochemical assay. Five compounds inhibited PR from multiple HIV-1 sub-types <i>in vitro</i> and reduced replicative capacity by PI-sensitive or multi-PI resistant HIV-1 variants in human cells <i>ex vivo</i>. Antiviral activity was boosted when combined with Ritonavir, potentially diminishing development of drug resistance, while providing effective treatment for drug resistant HIV-1 variants.</p>","PeriodicalId":89166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of AIDS & clinical research","volume":"12 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8694022/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39759811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.37421/2155-6113.2021.12.842
B. Eduardo, Delgado-Cueva Andrea, Mújica-Sánchez Mario Alberto, García-Colín María del Carmen, Valencia-Trujillo Daniel, Erazo-Pérez Luzvi, Mireles-Dávalos Christian, Flores-Pérez Elia, Martinez-Orozco Jose Arturo, Becherano-Razon Gastón, Cojuc-Konigsberg Gabriel
Although the incidence of HIV-associated lung infections has changed due to the use of antiretrovirals, and the knowledge of the contributions of respiratory viruses, including subtypes of seasonal human coronavirus (HCoV) has increased, studies to analyze and compare prognosis and risk factors between HIV-positive and negative individuals with HCoV respiratory infections are scarce. Patients with HIV are at a higher risk of getting infected with various pathogens, including viruses, therefore, it is important to comprehend the epidemiology of these infections. This study aimed to expose the epidemiological aspects of HCoV infections, comparing HIV-positive and negative patients. This study used a retrospective design and the data analyzed were collected from November 2013 to March 2018, a comparison of characteristics between patients with HIV and without HIV infected with HVoC using χ2, Student's T or Mann-Whitney U tests was performed. The detection of coronavirus species by the Luminex system in patients with HIV showed that HCoV-NL63 was the most frequent, with a prevalence of 45.5%, followed by HCoV-OC43 and HCoV- 22E9, with 36% and 18.2%, respectively. Overall, the HCoV-OC43 species was detected more frequently and winter was the season when more cases occurred. Pneumonia was the most frequent clinical manifestation and the main coinfection was due to Pneumocystis jirovecii. Seasonal human coronaviruses are an important cause of infection in HIV-infected patients, resulting in several clinical repercussions. Further studies are necessary to determine the implications of HCoV in these patients, as well as the epidemiological significance of HCoV infections in HIV-positive individuals in Mexico and throughout the globe.
{"title":"Epidemiology of Infections Caused by Seasonal Human Coronavirus in Hospitalized Adults with HIV Over a 5-year Period in Mexico City","authors":"B. Eduardo, Delgado-Cueva Andrea, Mújica-Sánchez Mario Alberto, García-Colín María del Carmen, Valencia-Trujillo Daniel, Erazo-Pérez Luzvi, Mireles-Dávalos Christian, Flores-Pérez Elia, Martinez-Orozco Jose Arturo, Becherano-Razon Gastón, Cojuc-Konigsberg Gabriel","doi":"10.37421/2155-6113.2021.12.842","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37421/2155-6113.2021.12.842","url":null,"abstract":"Although the incidence of HIV-associated lung infections has changed due to the use of antiretrovirals, and the knowledge of the contributions of respiratory viruses, including subtypes of seasonal human coronavirus (HCoV) has increased, studies to analyze and compare prognosis and risk factors between HIV-positive and negative individuals with HCoV respiratory infections are scarce. Patients with HIV are at a higher risk of getting infected with various pathogens, including viruses, therefore, it is important to comprehend the epidemiology of these infections. This study aimed to expose the epidemiological aspects of HCoV infections, comparing HIV-positive and negative patients. This study used a retrospective design and the data analyzed were collected from November 2013 to March 2018, a comparison of characteristics between patients with HIV and without HIV infected with HVoC using χ2, Student's T or Mann-Whitney U tests was performed. The detection of coronavirus species by the Luminex system in patients with HIV showed that HCoV-NL63 was the most frequent, with a prevalence of 45.5%, followed by HCoV-OC43 and HCoV- 22E9, with 36% and 18.2%, respectively. Overall, the HCoV-OC43 species was detected more frequently and winter was the season when more cases occurred. Pneumonia was the most frequent clinical manifestation and the main coinfection was due to Pneumocystis jirovecii. Seasonal human coronaviruses are an important cause of infection in HIV-infected patients, resulting in several clinical repercussions. Further studies are necessary to determine the implications of HCoV in these patients, as well as the epidemiological significance of HCoV infections in HIV-positive individuals in Mexico and throughout the globe.","PeriodicalId":89166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of AIDS & clinical research","volume":"12 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70045950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.37421/2155-6113.2021.12.860
M. Atkinson
{"title":"Sexually Transmitted Diseases in the Emergency Department","authors":"M. Atkinson","doi":"10.37421/2155-6113.2021.12.860","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37421/2155-6113.2021.12.860","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":89166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of AIDS & clinical research","volume":"12 1","pages":"1-1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70046661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.37421/2155-6113.2021.12.864
Annelie Tjernlund
{"title":"Rates of Neonatal Hearing Screening Referrals Based on Test Time","authors":"Annelie Tjernlund","doi":"10.37421/2155-6113.2021.12.864","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37421/2155-6113.2021.12.864","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":89166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of AIDS & clinical research","volume":"12 1","pages":"1-1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70046962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.37421/2155-6113.2021.12.834
Senait Cherie Adegeh, E. Kebede
Objectives: This study focused on modeling of the survival of tuberculosis infected HIV patients treated with antiretroviral treatment in Felege Hiwot referral hospital. Methods: Human Immunodeficiency Virus/tuberculosis (HIV/TB) co-infected patients aged 15 years and above were selected using simple random sampling and included in the study. The sample size for this study was 314 patients. Kaplan-Meier survival curves and Log-Rank test were used to compare the survival experience of different category of patients, and proportional hazards Cox proportional hazards model was employed to identify independent predictors of survival of HIV/TB patients. Results: Of the total samples 66 (21.0%) were died and 248 (79.0%) were censored. The results of single covariate analysis show that the variables: sex, age, marital status, literacy status, employment status, family size number of living rooms, CD4 count, baseline body weight, WHO stage, regimen type, knowledge about ART, condom use, drug use, alcohol intake, tuberclosis category and regimen change were found to be factors that significantly influence the survival of HIV/TB co-infected patients at 25% significance level. From the Cox regression analysis, the independent factors CD4 count, tuberculosis category, number of living rooms, employment status, alcohol and tobacco use were significant. The odds of being at risk of death for patients who does not smoke tobacco is 47.5% less than those who use tobacco. Conclusions: In conclusion, baseline CD4 count, tuberculosis category, number of living rooms, employment status, alcohol and tobacco use were the main factors significantly influencing the survival time of HIV/TB co-infected patients. We recommend that, there should be a careful monitoring of patients with low CD4 count, less than two numbers of rooms, disseminated and extra-pulmonary TB, having risk behaviors like drinking alcohol and not being employed is necessary to improve survival of HIV/TB co-infected patients.
{"title":"Statistical Modeling of Survival of Tuberculosis Infected HIV Patients Treated with Antiretroviral Treatment: A Case of Felege Hiwot Referral Hospital, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia","authors":"Senait Cherie Adegeh, E. Kebede","doi":"10.37421/2155-6113.2021.12.834","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37421/2155-6113.2021.12.834","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: This study focused on modeling of the survival of tuberculosis infected HIV patients treated with antiretroviral treatment in Felege Hiwot referral hospital. Methods: Human Immunodeficiency Virus/tuberculosis (HIV/TB) co-infected patients aged 15 years and above were selected using simple random sampling and included in the study. The sample size for this study was 314 patients. Kaplan-Meier survival curves and Log-Rank test were used to compare the survival experience of different category of patients, and proportional hazards Cox proportional hazards model was employed to identify independent predictors of survival of HIV/TB patients. Results: Of the total samples 66 (21.0%) were died and 248 (79.0%) were censored. The results of single covariate analysis show that the variables: sex, age, marital status, literacy status, employment status, family size number of living rooms, CD4 count, baseline body weight, WHO stage, regimen type, knowledge about ART, condom use, drug use, alcohol intake, tuberclosis category and regimen change were found to be factors that significantly influence the survival of HIV/TB co-infected patients at 25% significance level. From the Cox regression analysis, the independent factors CD4 count, tuberculosis category, number of living rooms, employment status, alcohol and tobacco use were significant. The odds of being at risk of death for patients who does not smoke tobacco is 47.5% less than those who use tobacco. Conclusions: In conclusion, baseline CD4 count, tuberculosis category, number of living rooms, employment status, alcohol and tobacco use were the main factors significantly influencing the survival time of HIV/TB co-infected patients. We recommend that, there should be a careful monitoring of patients with low CD4 count, less than two numbers of rooms, disseminated and extra-pulmonary TB, having risk behaviors like drinking alcohol and not being employed is necessary to improve survival of HIV/TB co-infected patients.","PeriodicalId":89166,"journal":{"name":"Journal of AIDS & clinical research","volume":"12 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70045090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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