The extent to which we generalize a novel property from a sample of familiar instances to novel instances depends on the sample composition. Previous property induction experiments have only used samples consisting of novel types (unique entities). Because real-world evidence samples often contain redundant tokens (repetitions of the same entity), we studied the effects on property induction of adding types and tokens to an observed sample. In Experiments 1-3, we presented participants with a sample of birds or flowers known to have a novel property and probed whether this property generalized to novel items varying in similarity to the initial sample. Increasing the number of novel types (e.g., new birds with the target property) in a sample produced tightening, promoting property generalization to highly similar stimuli but decreasing generalization to less similar stimuli. On the other hand, increasing the number of tokens (e.g., repeated presentations of the same bird with the target property) had little effect on generalization. Experiment 4 showed that repeated tokens are encoded and can benefit recognition, but are subsequently given little weight when inferring property generalization. We modified an existing Bayesian model of induction (Navarro, Dry & Lee, 2012) to account for both the information added by new types and the discounting of information conveyed by tokens.
{"title":"Adding Types, But Not Tokens, Affects Property Induction","authors":"Belinda Xie, D. Navarro, B. Hayes","doi":"10.31234/osf.io/6nky9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/6nky9","url":null,"abstract":"The extent to which we generalize a novel property from a sample of familiar instances to novel instances depends on the sample composition. Previous property induction experiments have only used samples consisting of novel types (unique entities). Because real-world evidence samples often contain redundant tokens (repetitions of the same entity), we studied the effects on property induction of adding types and tokens to an observed sample. In Experiments 1-3, we presented participants with a sample of birds or flowers known to have a novel property and probed whether this property generalized to novel items varying in similarity to the initial sample. Increasing the number of novel types (e.g., new birds with the target property) in a sample produced tightening, promoting property generalization to highly similar stimuli but decreasing generalization to less similar stimuli. On the other hand, increasing the number of tokens (e.g., repeated presentations of the same bird with the target property) had little effect on generalization. Experiment 4 showed that repeated tokens are encoded and can benefit recognition, but are subsequently given little weight when inferring property generalization. We modified an existing Bayesian model of induction (Navarro, Dry & Lee, 2012) to account for both the information added by new types and the discounting of information conveyed by tokens.","PeriodicalId":89752,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive sciences","volume":"53 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79844324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a devastating neurocognitive disorder rapidly growing across the elderly population. Although few cases arise due to genetic mutations, sporadic AD is the most common form of this disease. Therefore, there is a continuing research effort to discover a unifying cause of this form of AD. To date, the only strong genetic correlate to the sporadic AD is inheritance of the apolipoprotein E4 (ApoE4) allele, whose encoded protein is involved in cholesterol transport in the central nervous system. This genetic link has prompted a series of studies on the potential molecular mechanisms by which cholesterol could modulate neuronal degeneration in the context of AD. In this review, we discussed the involvement of cholesterol in the production of the pathological hallmarks of the disease and how it might alter the susceptibility of cells to AD-related insult. Finally, we discussed the use of cholesterol-lowering drugs as a potential preventative approach in AD.
{"title":"CHOLESTEROL AND NEURONAL SUSCEPTIBILITY TO BETA-AMYLOID TOXICITY.","authors":"Alexandra M Nicholson, Adriana Ferreira","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a devastating neurocognitive disorder rapidly growing across the elderly population. Although few cases arise due to genetic mutations, sporadic AD is the most common form of this disease. Therefore, there is a continuing research effort to discover a unifying cause of this form of AD. To date, the only strong genetic correlate to the sporadic AD is inheritance of the apolipoprotein E4 (ApoE4) allele, whose encoded protein is involved in cholesterol transport in the central nervous system. This genetic link has prompted a series of studies on the potential molecular mechanisms by which cholesterol could modulate neuronal degeneration in the context of AD. In this review, we discussed the involvement of cholesterol in the production of the pathological hallmarks of the disease and how it might alter the susceptibility of cells to AD-related insult. Finally, we discussed the use of cholesterol-lowering drugs as a potential preventative approach in AD.</p>","PeriodicalId":89752,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive sciences","volume":"5 1","pages":"35-56"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4203449/pdf/nihms228958.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32766489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
<p><p>Memory in songbirds, from song learning, production, and recognition to that for locations in complex environments, has led to the attractiveness of these animals as model systems for the changes occurring within and between neurons that lead to relevant modifications in behavior. Zebra finches (<i>Taeniopygia guttata</i>) in particular are excellent models attributable to their ability to readily perform the above-mentioned, ecologically relevant memories in the laboratories, and the ease with which these stereotyped behaviors can be manipulated and measured. This review centers on the independent functioning of and possible interactions between two primary memory systems in songbirds: those important for song or "procedural" memories, as well as those for place, such as food location, a "spatial" or "episodic-like" memory. Work over several decades has formed a relatively comprehensive understanding of the behavioral changes, neural substrates, and plasticity central to procedural memory (song learning and production) function in birds. However, few studies have examined spatial memory ability in those that do not store and retrieve caches, orient some distance away from and back to a home loft, or are not brood parasites. Zebra finches offer a rather unique advantage in this study of memory function and the interaction of memory systems: they do not store food, and are closed-ended song learners, biparental, not territorial, and non-migratory. Thus, their memory for song is not necessarily intertwined with that for time (of year) or location, as in a bird that learns a new song each breeding season, migrates to a particular breeding ground, or forgoes song and reproductive behavior in periods of food scarcity. Episodic-like memory in zebra finches is controlled by the hippocampus, and damage to this region, as in rodents and humans, compromises the ability to learn and/or remember particular spatial locations. In male zebra finches, hippocampal damage causes no appreciable, concurrent deficit in song learning or recognition. Interestingly, in females, while lesions do not disrupt a normal preference for conspecific over heterospecific songs, they do seem to abolish the preference for tutor song versus other novel, conspecific songs. It is therefore exciting to hypothesize a potential overlap between these memory systems. Support for this is provided by data from several anatomical, functional, and behavioral studies, chief among these that cells within the hippocampus show selectivity to conspecific but not other song stimuli and mate versus non-mate calls, and that several afferent and efferent projections to/of the hippocampus suggest a modulatory role for hippocampal neurons in song behavior. Specifically, we suggest that the hippocampus in zebra finches plays a role in "episodic-like characteristics of song perception," making these birds exceptional models for examining functional overlaps among memory systems central to discrete, e
{"title":"Ecological Validity and the Study of Procedural and Episodic Memory Function in Songbirds.","authors":"David J Bailey, Colin J Saldanha","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Memory in songbirds, from song learning, production, and recognition to that for locations in complex environments, has led to the attractiveness of these animals as model systems for the changes occurring within and between neurons that lead to relevant modifications in behavior. Zebra finches (<i>Taeniopygia guttata</i>) in particular are excellent models attributable to their ability to readily perform the above-mentioned, ecologically relevant memories in the laboratories, and the ease with which these stereotyped behaviors can be manipulated and measured. This review centers on the independent functioning of and possible interactions between two primary memory systems in songbirds: those important for song or \"procedural\" memories, as well as those for place, such as food location, a \"spatial\" or \"episodic-like\" memory. Work over several decades has formed a relatively comprehensive understanding of the behavioral changes, neural substrates, and plasticity central to procedural memory (song learning and production) function in birds. However, few studies have examined spatial memory ability in those that do not store and retrieve caches, orient some distance away from and back to a home loft, or are not brood parasites. Zebra finches offer a rather unique advantage in this study of memory function and the interaction of memory systems: they do not store food, and are closed-ended song learners, biparental, not territorial, and non-migratory. Thus, their memory for song is not necessarily intertwined with that for time (of year) or location, as in a bird that learns a new song each breeding season, migrates to a particular breeding ground, or forgoes song and reproductive behavior in periods of food scarcity. Episodic-like memory in zebra finches is controlled by the hippocampus, and damage to this region, as in rodents and humans, compromises the ability to learn and/or remember particular spatial locations. In male zebra finches, hippocampal damage causes no appreciable, concurrent deficit in song learning or recognition. Interestingly, in females, while lesions do not disrupt a normal preference for conspecific over heterospecific songs, they do seem to abolish the preference for tutor song versus other novel, conspecific songs. It is therefore exciting to hypothesize a potential overlap between these memory systems. Support for this is provided by data from several anatomical, functional, and behavioral studies, chief among these that cells within the hippocampus show selectivity to conspecific but not other song stimuli and mate versus non-mate calls, and that several afferent and efferent projections to/of the hippocampus suggest a modulatory role for hippocampal neurons in song behavior. Specifically, we suggest that the hippocampus in zebra finches plays a role in \"episodic-like characteristics of song perception,\" making these birds exceptional models for examining functional overlaps among memory systems central to discrete, e","PeriodicalId":89752,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive sciences","volume":"5 1","pages":"1-20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3730287/pdf/nihms205781.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31632188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2003-03-01DOI: 10.1016/S0364-0213(02)00118-0
Adrian Bangerter, H. H. Clark
{"title":"Navigating joint projects with dialogue","authors":"Adrian Bangerter, H. H. Clark","doi":"10.1016/S0364-0213(02)00118-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0364-0213(02)00118-0","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":89752,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive sciences","volume":"16 1","pages":"195-225"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76196817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2003-03-01DOI: 10.1016/S0364-0213(03)00004-1
J. Magnuson, B. McMurray, M. Tanenhaus, R. Aslin
{"title":"Lexical effects on compensation for coarticulation: the ghost of Christmash past","authors":"J. Magnuson, B. McMurray, M. Tanenhaus, R. Aslin","doi":"10.1016/S0364-0213(03)00004-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0364-0213(03)00004-1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":89752,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive sciences","volume":"65 1","pages":"285-298"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81620217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2003-03-01DOI: 10.1016/S0364-0213(03)00005-3
S. Edelman, N. Intrator
{"title":"Better limited systematicity in hand than structural descriptions in the bush: A reply to Hummel","authors":"S. Edelman, N. Intrator","doi":"10.1016/S0364-0213(03)00005-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0364-0213(03)00005-3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":89752,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive sciences","volume":"13 1","pages":"331-332"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75077199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2003-03-01DOI: 10.1016/S0364-0213(02)00116-7
H. Rijn, M. Someren, H.L.J. van der Maas
{"title":"Modeling developmental transitions on the balance scale task","authors":"H. Rijn, M. Someren, H.L.J. van der Maas","doi":"10.1016/S0364-0213(02)00116-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0364-0213(02)00116-7","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":89752,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive sciences","volume":"7 1","pages":"227-257"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84842795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2003-03-01DOI: 10.1016/S0364-0213(03)00003-X
M. Pomplun, E. Reingold, Jiye Shen
{"title":"Area activation: a computational model of saccadic selectivity in visual search","authors":"M. Pomplun, E. Reingold, Jiye Shen","doi":"10.1016/S0364-0213(03)00003-X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0364-0213(03)00003-X","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":89752,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive sciences","volume":"6 1","pages":"299-312"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90966832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2003-03-01DOI: 10.1016/S0364-0213(03)00006-5
J. Hummel
{"title":"\"Effective systematicity\" in, \"effective systematicity\" out: a reply to Edelman and Intrator (2003)","authors":"J. Hummel","doi":"10.1016/S0364-0213(03)00006-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0364-0213(03)00006-5","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":89752,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive sciences","volume":"67 1","pages":"327-329"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84043931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-09-01DOI: 10.1016/S0364-0213(02)00079-4
F. Chang
{"title":"Symbolically speaking: a connectionist model of sentence production","authors":"F. Chang","doi":"10.1016/S0364-0213(02)00079-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0364-0213(02)00079-4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":89752,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive sciences","volume":"118 1","pages":"609-651"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88099346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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