Research quarterly for exercise and sport最新文献

The present study compared pass decision-making performance among young football players exposed to small-sided games with manipulated cognitive load following a training session. Twenty-four U-14 athletes participated in four experimental conditions: a control protocol (CON) and three small-sided game protocols involving dual tasks that required counting passes (T1, T2, and T3). Cognitive load was progressively increased by requiring players to memorize more items (i.e. sectors used to divide the number of passes) from T1 to T3. The pass decision-making index was used as the dependent variable, and the pass-counting error rate served as a manipulation check. Generalized Estimating Equations were used to analyze decision-making performance, and parameter estimates were applied to examine pairwise differences. No main effects of time or experimental condition were observed. However, a significant time-by-condition interaction emerged (p = .007), with posttest decision-making performance in T3 being lower than in the control condition (a 15% decrease in accuracy). No differences were found between the control and either T1 or T2. These findings suggest that the pass decision-making performance is impaired under high cognitive load. In contrast, introducing up to two additional pieces of information does not hinder performance, supporting its application as a training strategy for players in this age group and skill level.

Evaluate changes in well-being and sleep surrounding regular and condensed game schedules among elite basketball referees. Eleven referees officiating in the Australian Women's National Basketball League competition completed a daily questionnaire to quantify well-being (sleep quality, mood, stress fatigue, muscle soreness, and total well-being z-score) and sleep patterns (bedtime, waketime, and time in bed) from the previous night throughout the 2020 season. Linear mixed models and Hedges g_av were used to assess differences in well-being and sleep patterns before and after games during regular (one game), condensed schedules (two game on consecutive days), and compared to baseline (no game). During regular schedules, greater fatigue (P = .010, small) and poorer well-being z-score (P = .047, small) were observed on post-game mornings compared to pre-game mornings. Moreover, pre-game bedtime was earlier compared to baseline (P = .019, small), and post-game (P <.001, moderate) nights. During condensed schedules, fatigue was improved on mornings before the first game (pre-game1) compared to baseline days (P = .029, moderate) but worsened on mornings following the second game (post-game2) than pre-game1 (P < .001, large) and on post-game2 than baseline days (P = .020, moderate). Well-being z-score was reduced on post-game2 compared to pre-game1 (P = .040, moderate). Referees experienced poorer well-being and greater fatigue on mornings following games, with increases in fatigue accentuated during condensed schedules. Sleep patterns were subtly impacted during regular schedules only. Adequate recovery strategies and sleep opportunities should be planned for referees surrounding games to maintain their well-being.

Examples of sustained whole-school approaches (WSA) to physical activity (PA) from real-world school practice can broaden our understanding of how much in-school PA can be expected in such approaches. This study aimed to describe PA opportunities provided within a WSA, and the correspondent PA behavior in pupils. Pupils from 2nd, 7th, and 9th grade (n = 57, 47.7% girls) from two case schools with an embedded WSA were recruited. Schools were located in the southeastern part of Norway. Pupils wore waist-worn accelerometers for 10 consecutive school days. Weekly schedules and descriptive field notes was used to describe PA opportunities, and conversations with teachers ensured valid data. Various PA opportunities were conducted daily. Organized PA was conducted in recess every day, physical education was led by qualified teachers in 1-2 lessons pr. week, and physically active learning was used as a teaching method 3-6 times pr. week. On average, 23.4 ± 9.7 min of school days was spent in moderate-to-vigorous intensity PA (MVPA), with differences among classes (26.2 ± 6.7, 31.5 ± 10.7, and 17.5 ± 6.6 min in 2nd, 7th, and 9th grade, respectively). On average, 22.8% of pupils reached 30 minutes of daily in-school MVPA. Case schools had seven years of experience in conducting a WSA with several PA opportunities. Despite this extensive work, only ⁓23% of pupils reached recommended amounts of in-school MVPA. This descriptive case study provides a reality check on WSA in school and its impact on children's MVPA behavior, and revealing what they look like in practice, not only in theory.

The development of psychosocial skills in youth athletes is related to multiple sports' subsystems, including parental, team, and environmental factors. These subsystems shape athletes' ability to acquire life skills, cope with stress, and build resilience which influence mental health. Understanding these interactions is essential for designing effective interventions that promote well-being and protect against mental illness. This study examined how subsystems within the youth sport system relate to psychosocial skills and their relation to athletes' mental health. A quantitative, cross-sectional design was employed, and Structural Equation Modeling analyzed pathways. Validated instruments assessed parenting behavior (EMBU-P), coach-athlete relationship (CART-Q), life skills (LSSS), coping (ACSI-28), resilience (SRS), sport well-being (S-MHC), and psychosocial difficulties (SDQ). The sample comprised 312 athletes (13.9 ± 1.9 years) from two Brazilian regions, one from a nationally renowned club and another from a microregion. Athletes from the microregion reported lower levels of life skills, but higher levels of psychological resilience and greater psychosocial difficulties. The coach-athlete relationship played an essential role in fostering life skills and sport well-being. Parenting behavior was positively associated with life skills and coping skills and negatively related to psychosocial difficulties. Life skills, coping skills and psychological resilience were positively associated with sport well-being, reinforcing their role in psychosocial adaptation. Psychological resilience was the only skill linked to reducing psychosocial difficulties. The findings highlight the distinct, positive roles of the coach-athlete relationship and parenting behavior in fostering psychosocial skills, while underscoring the complex (something opposing) influence of the region and type of sport on specific skills.

Physical activity (PA) and screen time (ST) are complex behaviors influenced by social factors such as relationships with family and friends, linked to mechanisms such as social support. This study implemented a segmentation-based social network intervention which is a promising approach to improving health-behaviors in a network. The objective was to determine the effects of a social network intervention through social support from friends and parents on PA and ST among adolescents. A cluster-randomized controlled trial was conducted involving 4 schools, 24 classrooms, with 787 adolescents. A segmentation-based social network intervention was implemented over ten weeks in physical education classes. Two components, ClassI involving friends support and ParentsI involving parents support was included. Follow-up was conducted at week ten post-intervention. A mixed-effects model was used to determine the effectiveness. Network mechanisms of perceived social support from friends most associated with PA and ST were explored. Findings indicated a significant increase of 12.2 daily minutes of PA in the intervention group (95% CI: 1.9 to 22.5, p = .02). Main effects suggest sustainability over time. Social support from friends and parents was significant (p < .001), and homophily was positively associated with PA (p < .05). For ST, a reduction of 56.7 minutes was observed in the intervention group (95% CI: -105.2 to -8.1, p = .02). Main effects indicate that the effectiveness for ST was not sustainable over time. Implementing a social support network intervention from friends and parents within physical education classes is effectively increased daily PA and decreased ST among adolescents.

This study examined the effects of a social cognitive theory (SCT)-guided, multi-component mobile health (mHealth) intervention on physical activity (PA), body mass index (BMI), and SCT constructs (exercise self-efficacy, social support, outcome expectations, self-regulation) among young adults with overweight or obesity. Sixty participants were recruited via convenience sampling and randomly allocated to one of four groups: (1) social media-only, (2) fitness application (app)-only, (3) combined social media and fitness app, or (4) control; 56 participants (25 males, 31 females; mean age = 21.52 ± 2.61 years) completed the 6-week intervention. PA, BMI, and SCT constructs were assessed at baseline and post-intervention. A repeated measures ANOVA (or a nonparametric alternative) was performed to examine the main and interaction effects of time and group, and Pearson correlation analysis was conducted to explore associations between changes in SCT variables and changes in PA. The multi-component group combining social media and fitness app interventions demonstrated significantly greater improvements in total PA level and moderate-to-vigorous PA time, as well as a marginally significant increase in exercise self-efficacy compared with the control group. Furthermore, changes in exercise self-efficacy were positively associated with changes in PA variables within the intervention groups. This 6-week intervention provides preliminary evidence supporting the potential effectiveness of a theory-driven, multi-component mHealth approach for enhancing PA among young adults with overweight or obesity. Future studies with longer intervention periods and structured follow-up assessments are warranted to confirm its efficacy and sustainability.

Purpose: Physical inactivity is responsible for various health issues. This study represents an early attempt to examine how health literacy and sociodemographic factors are associated with physical activity across different quantiles of time spent in physical activity. Method: Data obtained from the Malaysian National Health and Morbidity Survey 2019 were analyzed. A quantile regression model was utilized to estimate the differentials in time spent on physical activity across different health literacy levels and sociodemographic groups at the 0.1,0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 0.9 quantiles of physical activity. Results: Individuals with excellent health literacy spent more time in physical activity at all the quantiles than those with limited health literacy. Men spent less time in physical activity than women when they were inactive but spent more when they allocated a large amount of time to physical activity. The effects of income and education level on time spent in physical activity were negative but only significant at the high quantiles. The differentials attributed to employment status and house locality were bigger among adults who spent more time in physical activity. Single adults spent less time in physical activity than the married across all the quantiles, but the relationship between widowed or divorced status and physical activity was only seen in the top 10% and 25% brackets. Conclusion: Findings of this study ascertain the focus groups based on not only the health literacy and sociodemographic factors, but also the distributional effects of time spent on physical activity for the formulation of intervention measures.

The cardiometabolic health benefits of meeting physical activity guidelines for the general population are clear, but it is uncertain if adolescents with obesity experience the same advantages. Thus, we examined the link between adherence to aerobic physical activity, muscle-strengthening activities guidelines, and cardiometabolic indicators in adolescents with different weight status from São José, Southern Brazil. This cross-sectional study comprises 353 adolescents (44.5% male; age, 16.6 ± 1.0 years) with different weight status from São José, Southern Brazil. Information regarding aerobic physical activity and muscle-strengthening activities was obtained through a self-reported questionnaire. Overweight and obesity were defined using the age- and sex-specific criteria of the World Health Organization. Cardiometabolic indicators investigated as outcomes were systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), waist circumference (WC), high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), lipid profile, and glucose metabolism markers. Multiple linear regression models adjusted for confounding factors were used to investigate the associations of interest. Regardless of weight status, meeting aerobic physical activity guidelines was inversely associated with SBP [-3.2 mmHg, standard error (SE) = 0.23], and total cholesterol (-2.4 mg/dL, SE = 0.28). Among overweight/obesity adolescents, meeting aerobic physical activity / muscle-strengthening activities guidelines was inversely associated with WC (-5.11 cm, SE = 0.77), triglycerides (0.40 times lower, SE = 0.01), and hs-CRP (0.32 times lower, SE = 0.16). Even among overweight/obese adolescents, meeting aerobic physical activity and muscle-strengthening activity guidelines can be a relevant strategy for reducing cardiometabolic risk, given the reduction in WC, triglycerides, and hs-CRP.

A robust body of research links greater sleep duration and quality to improved athletic performance and competitive outcomes. However, many athletes, particularly collegiate football players, struggle to achieve optimal sleep and accurately assess its quality. Despite the known sleep-performance relationship, little is known about how these variables manifest in real time among student-athletes. This study examined daily associations between objectively measured sleep and athletic performance in National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I football players. Sixty-five athletes aged 17 to 23 years (M = 19.88, SD = 1.41), representing a range of academic years and position groups, wore sensor-based devices over a three-week period to capture sleep metrics (sleep efficiency, latency, and total sleep time) and performance indicators (maximum acceleration, maximum velocity, and explosive movement). Multilevel modeling revealed no significant between-person effects, suggesting that athletes who slept better on average did not necessarily perform better on average. However, within-person analyses indicated that nights with longer sleep latency (estimate, -.007; 95% BCI, -.013, -.003) or lower sleep efficiency (estimate, .005; 95% BCI, .001, .010) predicted reduced maximum acceleration the next day. Conversely, days with lower maximum acceleration predicted shorter sleep latency (estimate, 6.869; 95% BCI, 3.998, 9.269) and higher sleep efficiency (estimate, -5.289; 95% BCI, -10.170, -1.027) that night. These findings underscore a dynamic, bidirectional relationship between sleep and performance at the daily level and highlight the need for individualized, athlete-centered sleep interventions that extend beyond sleep duration to include routine assessment, comprehensive education, and strategies to mitigate sleep disruptors.

The physiological and placebo effects of beetroot juice remain unclear in settings outside traditional laboratory environments. Using a randomized, between-participant balanced placebo design, we asked 67 trained cyclists to complete 20-min time-trials on a virtual cycling platform with the ingestion of either beetroot juice or placebo (~552 or ~0.2 mg nitrate, respectively). After completing baseline trials, participants were randomized to one of four experimental groups: 1) informed beetroot juice/given beetroot juice (BRJ/BRJ), 2) informed beetroot juice/given placebo (BRJ/PLA), 3) informed placebo/given beetroot juice (PLA/BRJ), and 4) informed placebo/given placebo (PLA/PLA). Mean (± standard deviation) changes in power output (W) between baseline and experimental trials for each group were: BRJ/BRJ = 2.06 ± 2.81, BRJ/PLA = 4.29 ± 2.81, PLA/BRJ =  -0.12 ± 2.81, PLA/PLA = 3.06 ± 2.90. Linear mixed-effects models revealed that neither the expectation, actual supplementation, or the interaction between expectation and supplement changed between baseline and experimental trials for all groups (χ² ≤5.15, all p ≥.05). Similar results were found for relative power, speed, distance, heart rate and cadence (χ² ≤5.15, all p ≥.05). Our results suggest that in comparison to baseline, cycling performance over 20‑min virtual time‑trials did not change when participants received an acute dose of beetroot juice both openly and deceptively. Similarly, the expectation that beetroot juice had been received did not change any outcomes. In short, physiological and placebo effects of an acute dose of beetroot juice did not change 20-min time-trial performance during a virtual cycling platform.