Current Psychopharmacology最新文献_第2页

Treating Depression and other Serotonin Deficiency Brain Disorders with Tryptophan 色氨酸治疗抑郁症和其他血清素缺乏性脑部疾病

Current Psychopharmacology

Pub Date : 2021-12-02 DOI: 10.2174/2211556010666211202104548

D. Haleem

Deficits of brain serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) are implicated in a number of psychiatric illnesses including depression. Treatment efficacy of this highly prevalent brain disorder is not adequate largely because serotonin stores are depleted. Tryptophan an essential amino acid is the sole precursor of serotonin; its systemic or oral administration increases serotonin synthesis because tryptophan hydroxylase, the rate limiting enzyme of 5-HT biosynthesis, is physiologically unsaturated with its substrate. The present article targets importance of tryptophan supplementation in treating serotonin deficiency and improving therapeutic intervention in depression and other serotonin deficiency brain disorders.

脑血清素(5-羟色胺;5-羟色胺)与包括抑郁症在内的许多精神疾病有关。这种高度流行的脑部疾病的治疗效果并不充分，主要是因为血清素储备已经耗尽。色氨酸是一种必需氨基酸，是血清素的唯一前体;由于色氨酸羟化酶(5-羟色胺生物合成的限速酶)在生理上与其底物不饱和，因此全身或口服给药可增加5-羟色胺的合成。本文的目标是补充色氨酸在治疗血清素缺乏症和改善抑郁症和其他血清素缺乏症脑疾病的治疗干预中的重要性。

引用次数: 0

Cerebellum, GABA, and ataxia

Current Psychopharmacology

Pub Date : 2021-11-22 DOI: 10.2174/2211556010666211122155811

Robert Lalonde, C. Strazielle

Various clinical results are obtained regarding the effects of cerebellar GABA transmission on spinocerebellar ataxias. Based on animal studies, it is proposed that balanced GABAergic transmission between GABA and other neurotransmitters such as glutamate may lead to more promising results in treating such conditions.

小脑GABA传递对脊髓小脑共济失调的影响有不同的临床结果。在动物实验的基础上，我们提出GABA与谷氨酸等其他神经递质之间平衡的GABA能传递可能会导致治疗此类疾病的更有希望的结果。

引用次数: 0

The neuroinflammatory P2X7 receptor in the CNS is an etiological factor of psychiatric illnesses 中枢神经系统中的神经炎性 P2X7 受体是精神疾病的病因之一

Current Psychopharmacology

Pub Date : 2021-10-21 DOI: 10.2174/2211556010666211021165254

P. Illés

引用次数: 0

In Drug Repurposing Tactics Against Covid-19

Current Psychopharmacology

Pub Date : 2021-10-07 DOI: 10.2174/2211556010666211007085742

Aikan Gupta, N. Goel, A. Chopra, Navpreet Kaur, Divneet Kaur

Now a days, due to high substantial costs and slow rate of new drug discovery and development, repurposing of old drugs to treat diseases is becoming an emerging drug approach. Repurposing approach involves the identification of new pharmacological activity for old drugs. This strategy is time saving, more effective and has lesser failure risks. The present review involves the challenge by summarising the COVID‐19 drug repurposing research into three large groups, including repurposing of Antivirals, Anti-Cancer Drugs, existing Quinoline based drugs. Number of medications, for example remdesivir, umifenovir, favipiravin, ribavirin, rapamycin, carfilzomib, chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, saquinavir, elvitegravir, and oxolinic acid and rilapladib have indicated inhibitory effects against the SARS-CoV2 in vitro just as in clinical conditions. These medications either act through infection related targets, for example, RNA genome, polypeptide pressing and take-up pathways or target have related pathways including angiotensin-changing over protein 2 (ACE2) receptors also, inflammatory pathways.From the literature studies it can be concluded that, In the current scenario repositioning of the drugs could be considered the new avenue for the treatment of COVID-19.

如今，由于高昂的成本和新药的发现和开发速度缓慢，将旧药物重新用于治疗疾病正在成为一种新兴的药物方法。重新利用方法涉及识别旧药物的新药理活性。这种策略节省时间，更有效，并且具有更小的故障风险。本综述通过将COVID - 19药物再利用研究总结为三大类，包括抗病毒药物、抗癌药物和现有喹啉类药物的再利用，涉及到这一挑战。许多药物，如瑞德西韦、乌米诺韦、法维匹拉文、利巴韦林、雷帕霉素、卡非佐米、氯喹和羟氯喹、沙奎那韦、埃韦替格拉韦、氧喹啉酸和瑞拉普拉迪，在体外显示出对SARS-CoV2的抑制作用，就像在临床条件下一样。这些药物要么通过感染相关的靶点起作用，例如RNA基因组，多肽压迫和摄取途径，要么通过相关的靶点作用，包括血管紧张素改变蛋白2 (ACE2)受体，也包括炎症途径。从文献研究中可以得出结论，在目前的情况下，重新定位药物可以被认为是治疗COVID-19的新途径。

{"title":"In Drug Repurposing Tactics Against Covid-19","authors":"Aikan Gupta, N. Goel, A. Chopra, Navpreet Kaur, Divneet Kaur","doi":"10.2174/2211556010666211007085742","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2211556010666211007085742","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000 Now a days, due to high substantial costs and slow rate of new drug discovery and development, repurposing of old drugs to treat diseases is becoming an emerging drug approach. Repurposing approach involves the identification of new pharmacological activity for old drugs. This strategy is time saving, more effective and has lesser failure risks. \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The present review involves the challenge by summarising the COVID‐19 drug repurposing research into three large groups, including repurposing of Antivirals, Anti-Cancer Drugs, existing Quinoline based drugs. \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 Number of medications, for example remdesivir, umifenovir, favipiravin, ribavirin, rapamycin, carfilzomib, chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, saquinavir, elvitegravir, and oxolinic acid and rilapladib have indicated inhibitory effects against the SARS-CoV2 in vitro just as in clinical conditions. These medications either act through infection related targets, for example, RNA genome, polypeptide pressing and take-up pathways or target have related pathways including angiotensin-changing over protein 2 (ACE2) receptors also, inflammatory pathways.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000From the literature studies it can be concluded that, In the current scenario repositioning of the drugs could be considered the new avenue for the treatment of COVID-19.\u0000\u0000","PeriodicalId":10751,"journal":{"name":"Current Psychopharmacology","volume":"17 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72549503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Co-administration of Saffron and Chamomile give additive effects of antidiabetic and antioxidant activity with in-vivo augmentation of brain BDNF, acetylcholine levels and cognitive functions in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats 在链脲佐菌素诱导的糖尿病大鼠中，共给药藏红花和洋甘菊具有抗糖尿病和抗氧化活性的累加作用，并能提高脑BDNF、乙酰胆碱水平和认知功能

Current Psychopharmacology

Pub Date : 2021-09-06 DOI: 10.2174/2211556010666210906153253

Saara Ahmad, A. Khan, Saiqa Tabassum, Zehra Batool, Saad Bilal Ahmed, Saima Khaliq, Akash Kumar Ahuja, Amrah Hashmi, Hamna Rafiq, S. Haider

Co-administration of chamomile and saffron are effective against diabetes and related complications. Diabetes mellitus refers to comorbidities associated with reduced release of the brain-derived neurotropic factor and disruption in the metabolism of neurotransmitters leading to depression and cognitive impairment. Allopathic medications are available for the treatment of diabetes but there is no cure and multiple adverse effects adhere to it. The therapeutic effects of co-administered chamomile with saffron may reverse the diabetes and its complications. The present study sought to test hypothesis, conducted on eighty Sprague-Dawley rats randomly divided into eight groups (n=10) including healthy controls, diabetic controls, methanolic extract treatment groups and water decoction treatment groups with respective dosage once a day for two weeks. The dose of single herb group in methanolic extract and water decoction was saffron 10 mg/kg and chamomile 30 mg/kg, while co-administered groups received both herbs in half doses, saffron 5 mg/kg and chamomile 15 mg/kg. Two widely used tests for the assessment of memory (Elevated plus maze and novel object recognition) were used to assess the mood and memory (cognitive) performance after the treatment. It was observed that all treatment groups exhibited antidiabetic effects with improved mood and enhanced memory, high antioxidant profile, increased brain-derived neurotropic factor and acetylcholine concentration. However, the affects were greater in the co-administered groups of saffron and chamomile especially the combined water decoction group. The study provides the successful results of co-administration of chamomile and saffron to alleviate the diabetes and related complications.

洋甘菊和藏红花的共同管理对糖尿病和相关并发症有效。糖尿病是指与脑源性神经营养因子释放减少和神经递质代谢紊乱相关的合并症，导致抑郁和认知障碍。对抗疗法药物可用于治疗糖尿病，但没有治愈方法，而且有多种副作用。甘菊与藏红花联合用药可逆转糖尿病及其并发症。本研究对80只Sprague-Dawley大鼠进行假设检验，随机分为8组(n=10)，分别为健康对照组、糖尿病对照组、甲醇提取物治疗组和水煎剂治疗组，各剂量每天1次，持续2周。醇提物和水煎液单药组剂量为藏红花10 mg/kg，洋甘菊30 mg/kg，共给药组两种药各给一半剂量，藏红花5 mg/kg，洋甘菊15 mg/kg。两种广泛使用的记忆评估测试(高架迷宫和新物体识别)用于评估治疗后的情绪和记忆(认知)表现。观察到，所有治疗组均表现出抗糖尿病作用，情绪改善，记忆力增强，抗氧化能力增强，脑源性神经营养因子和乙酰胆碱浓度增加。而藏红花和洋甘菊共给药组，尤其是水煎合剂组，其作用更大。该研究提供了洋甘菊和藏红花共同给药减轻糖尿病及相关并发症的成功结果。

{"title":"Co-administration of Saffron and Chamomile give additive effects of antidiabetic and antioxidant activity with in-vivo augmentation of brain BDNF, acetylcholine levels and cognitive functions in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats","authors":"Saara Ahmad, A. Khan, Saiqa Tabassum, Zehra Batool, Saad Bilal Ahmed, Saima Khaliq, Akash Kumar Ahuja, Amrah Hashmi, Hamna Rafiq, S. Haider","doi":"10.2174/2211556010666210906153253","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2211556010666210906153253","url":null,"abstract":"Co-administration of chamomile and saffron are effective against diabetes and related complications. Diabetes mellitus refers to comorbidities associated with reduced release of the brain-derived neurotropic factor and disruption in the metabolism of neurotransmitters leading to depression and cognitive impairment. Allopathic medications are available for the treatment of diabetes but there is no cure and multiple adverse effects adhere to it. The therapeutic effects of co-administered chamomile with saffron may reverse the diabetes and its complications. The present study sought to test hypothesis, conducted on eighty Sprague-Dawley rats randomly divided into eight groups (n=10) including healthy controls, diabetic controls, methanolic extract treatment groups and water decoction treatment groups with respective dosage once a day for two weeks. The dose of single herb group in methanolic extract and water decoction was saffron 10 mg/kg and chamomile 30 mg/kg, while co-administered groups received both herbs in half doses, saffron 5 mg/kg and chamomile 15 mg/kg. Two widely used tests for the assessment of memory (Elevated plus maze and novel object recognition) were used to assess the mood and memory (cognitive) performance after the treatment. It was observed that all treatment groups exhibited antidiabetic effects with improved mood and enhanced memory, high antioxidant profile, increased brain-derived neurotropic factor and acetylcholine concentration. However, the affects were greater in the co-administered groups of saffron and chamomile especially the combined water decoction group. The study provides the successful results of co-administration of chamomile and saffron to alleviate the diabetes and related complications.","PeriodicalId":10751,"journal":{"name":"Current Psychopharmacology","volume":"92 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85674651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

Methadone Contrasted with Acetaminophen Codeine plus Clonidine: An Inpatient Pilot Study 美沙酮与对乙酰氨基酚、可待因加可乐定对比:一项住院病人的初步研究

Current Psychopharmacology

Pub Date : 2021-08-23 DOI: 10.2174/2211556010666210823121451

S. Shafti

The mainstay of pharmacological management of opioid dependence is opioid substitution treatment. Methadone is a long‐acting opioid agonist, which is used for detoxification and maintenance of opioid-dependent people. Objective of the present evaluation included a comparison between methadone and acetaminophen codeine plus clonidine for management of opioid withdrawal symptoms.All patients of an acute ward of a psychiatric hospital, who met dual diagnosis of primary psychiatric disorder plus opioid use disorder, were selected as accessible sample for the current evaluation. Duration of assessment was around elven months and the study was performed according to a single-blind plan. Among 96 patients, cases, who were using methadone, before their recent admission in hospital, continued their substitution treatment according to the recommended dosage and formulation till release (n = 42). The remaining group of patients, had been given acetaminophen codeine plus clonidine, as substitution treatment, during their inpatient management (n = 54). The primary outcome measures were the ‘Cross-Cutting Symptom Measure’ and the ‘Subjective Opiate Withdrawal Scale’, which were scored at baseline, week 1 and week 2. The study was performed according to the ‘per-protocol’ analysis, and the assessor was blind with respect to the said protocols.while the mean total score of primary outcome measures decreased significantly in both groups, the between-group analysis did not show any significant difference between these two groups in a head-to-head analysis. Acetaminophen codeine plus clonidine was as good as methadone for management of opioid withdrawal symptoms in inpatient setting.

阿片类药物依赖的主要药理管理是阿片类药物替代治疗。美沙酮是一种长效阿片类激动剂，用于阿片类药物依赖者的解毒和维持。本评价的目的包括美沙酮与对乙酰氨基酚可待因加可乐定治疗阿片类戒断症状的比较。所有精神病院急性病房的患者，符合原发性精神障碍和阿片类药物使用障碍的双重诊断，被选为当前评估的可访问样本。评估时间约为11个月，研究按单盲计划进行。96例患者中，近期入院前正在使用美沙酮的患者继续按照推荐剂量和处方进行替代治疗，直至释放(n = 42)。其余组患者在住院期间给予对乙酰氨基酚可待因加可乐定作为替代治疗(n = 54)。主要结果测量指标为“交叉症状测量”和“主观阿片戒断量表”，分别在基线、第1周和第2周进行评分。研究是根据“每协议”分析进行的，评估员对上述协议是盲目的。虽然两组主要结局指标的平均总分均显著下降，但组间分析在头对头分析中未显示两组之间有显著差异。对乙酰氨基酚、可待因加可待因治疗住院患者阿片类戒断症状的效果与美沙酮一样好。

{"title":"Methadone Contrasted with Acetaminophen Codeine plus Clonidine: An Inpatient Pilot Study","authors":"S. Shafti","doi":"10.2174/2211556010666210823121451","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2211556010666210823121451","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000The mainstay of pharmacological management of opioid dependence is opioid substitution treatment. Methadone is a long‐acting opioid agonist, which is used for detoxification and maintenance of opioid-dependent people. \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Objective of the present evaluation included a comparison between methadone and acetaminophen codeine plus clonidine for management of opioid withdrawal symptoms.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000All patients of an acute ward of a psychiatric hospital, who met dual diagnosis of primary psychiatric disorder plus opioid use disorder, were selected as accessible sample for the current evaluation. Duration of assessment was around elven months and the study was performed according to a single-blind plan. Among 96 patients, cases, who were using methadone, before their recent admission in hospital, continued their substitution treatment according to the recommended dosage and formulation till release (n = 42). The remaining group of patients, had been given acetaminophen codeine plus clonidine, as substitution treatment, during their inpatient management (n = 54). The primary outcome measures were the ‘Cross-Cutting Symptom Measure’ and the ‘Subjective Opiate Withdrawal Scale’, which were scored at baseline, week 1 and week 2. The study was performed according to the ‘per-protocol’ analysis, and the assessor was blind with respect to the said protocols.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000while the mean total score of primary outcome measures decreased significantly in both groups, the between-group analysis did not show any significant difference between these two groups in a head-to-head analysis. \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 Acetaminophen codeine plus clonidine was as good as methadone for management of opioid withdrawal symptoms in inpatient setting. \u0000","PeriodicalId":10751,"journal":{"name":"Current Psychopharmacology","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78058421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A Review of Phenobarbital for Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome 苯巴比妥治疗酒精戒断综合征的研究进展

Current Psychopharmacology

Pub Date : 2021-08-10 DOI: 10.2174/2211556010666210810094103

H. Saadatmand, Pochu Ho

Alcohol use disorder represents a serious health problem worldwide which is increasing in pervasiveness. Alcohol withdrawal syndrome is a common clinical problem encountered in emergency departments and inpatient settings, including intensive care units. While benzodiazepines are the most widely used class of medication for the treatment of alcohol withdrawal, in recent years, there is renewed interest in using phenobarbital, a barbiturate, in the treatment of refractory alcohol withdrawal.This review provides an overview of phenobarbital in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal, as well as clinical outcomes in patients, while also outlining some of the limitations of existing studies in comparing phenobarbital to benzodiazepines. PubMed, Ovid MEDLINE, and Cochrane databases were searched using the terms phenobarbital, barbiturates, and alcohol withdrawal syndrome. Prospective and retrospective trials comparing phenobarbital with benzodiazepines to treat alcohol withdrawal in English were included. Two prospective randomized controlled and eleven retrospective cohort trials were identified. Phenobarbital is safe alone and as an adjunct to benzodiazepine in the emergency department, intensive care units, general medical units and acute trauma surgery service. In a randomized controlled trial, one dose of phenobarbital in the emergency department significantly reduced the intensive care admission rate. There is some evidence that phenobarbital may be effective in the treatment of benzodiazepine-refractory alcohol withdrawal. Although existing knowledge and practice regarding phenobarbital for the treatment of alcohol withdrawal are increasing, there currently remains limited evidence in support of phenobarbital over benzodiazepines in superior efficacy and outcomes.

酒精使用障碍是世界范围内一个日益普遍的严重健康问题。酒精戒断综合征是一个常见的临床问题，遇到急诊科和住院设置，包括重症监护病房。虽然苯二氮卓类药物是治疗酒精戒断最广泛使用的一类药物，但近年来，人们对使用苯巴比妥(一种巴比妥酸盐)治疗难治性酒精戒断重新产生了兴趣。这篇综述综述了苯巴比妥治疗酒精戒断以及患者的临床结果，同时也概述了现有研究在比较苯巴比妥与苯二氮卓类药物方面的一些局限性。检索PubMed、Ovid MEDLINE和Cochrane数据库，检索词为苯巴比妥、巴比妥类药物和酒精戒断综合征。前瞻性和回顾性试验比较苯巴比妥和苯二氮卓类药物治疗酒精戒断在英国纳入。我们确定了两项前瞻性随机对照试验和11项回顾性队列试验。在急诊科、重症监护室、普通医疗单位和急性创伤外科服务中，苯巴比妥单独使用是安全的，可作为苯二氮卓类药物的辅助用药。在一项随机对照试验中，在急诊科服用一剂苯巴比妥可显著降低重症监护住院率。有一些证据表明，苯巴比妥可能是有效的治疗苯二氮卓难治性酒精戒断。虽然关于苯巴比妥治疗酒精戒断的现有知识和实践正在增加，但目前支持苯巴比妥优于苯二氮卓的证据仍然有限。

{"title":"A Review of Phenobarbital for Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome","authors":"H. Saadatmand, Pochu Ho","doi":"10.2174/2211556010666210810094103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2211556010666210810094103","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Alcohol use disorder represents a serious health problem worldwide which is increasing in pervasiveness. Alcohol withdrawal syndrome is a common clinical problem encountered in emergency departments and inpatient settings, including intensive care units. While benzodiazepines are the most widely used class of medication for the treatment of alcohol withdrawal, in recent years, there is renewed interest in using phenobarbital, a barbiturate, in the treatment of refractory alcohol withdrawal.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000This review provides an overview of phenobarbital in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal, as well as clinical outcomes in patients, while also outlining some of the limitations of existing studies in comparing phenobarbital to benzodiazepines. \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000PubMed, Ovid MEDLINE, and Cochrane databases were searched using the terms phenobarbital, barbiturates, and alcohol withdrawal syndrome. Prospective and retrospective trials comparing phenobarbital with benzodiazepines to treat alcohol withdrawal in English were included. \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 Two prospective randomized controlled and eleven retrospective cohort trials were identified. Phenobarbital is safe alone and as an adjunct to benzodiazepine in the emergency department, intensive care units, general medical units and acute trauma surgery service. In a randomized controlled trial, one dose of phenobarbital in the emergency department significantly reduced the intensive care admission rate. There is some evidence that phenobarbital may be effective in the treatment of benzodiazepine-refractory alcohol withdrawal. \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Although existing knowledge and practice regarding phenobarbital for the treatment of alcohol withdrawal are increasing, there currently remains limited evidence in support of phenobarbital over benzodiazepines in superior efficacy and outcomes. \u0000\u0000","PeriodicalId":10751,"journal":{"name":"Current Psychopharmacology","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79109505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Endorphinergic Enhancement Attenuation of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) via Activation of Neuro-immunological Function in the Face of a Viral Pandemic. 面对病毒性流行病，通过激活神经免疫功能来增强创伤后应激障碍（PTSD）的内啡肽增强-减弱。

Current Psychopharmacology

Pub Date : 2021-08-01 DOI: 10.2174/2211556009999210104221215

Kenneth Blum, Edward J Modestino, David Baron, Raymond Brewer, Panayotis Thanos, Igor Elman, Rajendra D Badgaiyan, B William Downs, Debasis Bagchi, Thomas McLaughlin, Abdalla Bowirrat, A Kenison Roy, Mark S Gold

Introduction: Polymorphic gene variants, particularly the genetic determinants of low dopamine function (hypodopaminergia), are known to associate with Substance Use Disorder (SUD) and a predisposition to PTSD. Addiction research and molecular genetic applied technologies supported by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) have revealed the complex functions of brain reward circuitry and its crucial role in addiction and PTSD symptomatology.

Discussion: It is noteworthy that Israeli researchers compared mice with a normal immune system with mice lacking adaptive immunity and found that the incidence of PTSD increased several-fold. It is well established that raising endorphinergic function increases immune response significantly. Along these lines, Blum's work has shown that D-Phenylalanine (DPA), an enkephalinase inhibitor, increases brain endorphins in animal models and reduces stress in humans. Enkephalinase inhibition with DPA treats Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) by restoring endorphin function. The Genetic Addiction Risk Severity (GARS) can characterize relevant phenotypes, genetic risk for stress vulnerability vs. resilience. GARS could be used to pre-test military enlistees for adaptive immunity or as part of PTSD management with customized neuronutrient supplementation upon return from deployment.

Conclusion: Based on GARS values, with particular emphasis on enhancing immunological function, pro-dopamine regulation may restore dopamine homeostasis. Recognition of the immune system as a "sixth sense" and assisting adaptive immunity with Precision Behavioral Management (PBM), accompanied by other supportive interventions and therapies, may shift the paradigm in treating stress disorders.

导言：多态基因变异，尤其是多巴胺功能低下（多巴胺功能减退）的遗传决定因素，已知与药物使用障碍（SUD）和创伤后应激障碍的易感性有关。由美国国立卫生研究院（NIH）支持的成瘾研究和分子遗传应用技术揭示了大脑奖赏回路的复杂功能及其在成瘾和创伤后应激障碍症状中的关键作用：值得注意的是，以色列研究人员将免疫系统正常的小鼠与缺乏适应性免疫的小鼠进行比较，发现创伤后应激障碍的发病率增加了数倍。提高内啡肽功能可显著增强免疫反应，这一点已得到公认。根据这一思路，布卢姆的研究表明，D-苯丙氨酸（DPA）是一种脑啡肽酶抑制剂，它能增加动物模型的脑内啡肽，并减轻人类的压力。用 DPA 抑制脑啡肽酶可以通过恢复内啡肽功能来治疗创伤后应激障碍（PTSD）。遗传成瘾风险严重程度（GARS）可以描述相关表型、压力脆弱性与恢复力的遗传风险。GARS 可用于对应征入伍者进行适应性免疫预测，或作为创伤后应激障碍管理的一部分，在部署返回后补充定制的神经营养素：结论：根据 GARS 值，特别强调增强免疫功能，促进多巴胺调节可恢复多巴胺平衡。认识到免疫系统是 "第六感"，并通过精准行为管理（PBM）辅助适应性免疫，同时辅以其他支持性干预和疗法，可能会改变应激障碍的治疗模式。

{"title":"Endorphinergic Enhancement Attenuation of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) via Activation of Neuro-immunological Function in the Face of a Viral Pandemic.","authors":"Kenneth Blum, Edward J Modestino, David Baron, Raymond Brewer, Panayotis Thanos, Igor Elman, Rajendra D Badgaiyan, B William Downs, Debasis Bagchi, Thomas McLaughlin, Abdalla Bowirrat, A Kenison Roy, Mark S Gold","doi":"10.2174/2211556009999210104221215","DOIUrl":"10.2174/2211556009999210104221215","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Polymorphic gene variants, particularly the genetic determinants of low dopamine function (hypodopaminergia), are known to associate with Substance Use Disorder (SUD) and a predisposition to PTSD. Addiction research and molecular genetic applied technologies supported by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) have revealed the complex functions of brain reward circuitry and its crucial role in addiction and PTSD symptomatology.Discussion: It is noteworthy that Israeli researchers compared mice with a normal immune system with mice lacking adaptive immunity and found that the incidence of PTSD increased several-fold. It is well established that raising endorphinergic function increases immune response significantly. Along these lines, Blum's work has shown that D-Phenylalanine (DPA), an enkephalinase inhibitor, increases brain endorphins in animal models and reduces stress in humans. Enkephalinase inhibition with DPA treats Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) by restoring endorphin function. The Genetic Addiction Risk Severity (GARS) can characterize relevant phenotypes, genetic risk for stress vulnerability vs. resilience. GARS could be used to pre-test military enlistees for adaptive immunity or as part of PTSD management with customized neuronutrient supplementation upon return from deployment.Conclusion: Based on GARS values, with particular emphasis on enhancing immunological function, pro-dopamine regulation may restore dopamine homeostasis. Recognition of the immune system as a \"sixth sense\" and assisting adaptive immunity with Precision Behavioral Management (PBM), accompanied by other supportive interventions and therapies, may shift the paradigm in treating stress disorders.","PeriodicalId":10751,"journal":{"name":"Current Psychopharmacology","volume":"10 2","pages":"86-97"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8404208/pdf/nihms-1728149.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39372174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Current Pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s Disease and Plants Derived Neuroprotective Phytoconstituents: A Comprehensive Review 目前阿尔茨海默病的发病机制和植物源性神经保护植物成分:综合综述

Current Psychopharmacology

Pub Date : 2021-07-28 DOI: 10.2174/2211556010666210728123937

A. Pradhan, Bimala Tripathy, B. Chowdhury, S. K. Acharjya, Rajaram Das

The exact pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease is still a matter to debate, currently there is no reliable therapy established for Alzheimer’s disease. However, several pieces of evidence suggest that the use of plant based phytoconstituents mainly delays the onset of Alzheimer. So, in this review, we collect information about the cause of Alzheimer’s disease hypothesis and neuroprotective effect of phytoconstituents.This review paper aimed to analyze the current pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease and the therapeutic effect of plant phytoconstituents that play a vital role in neuroprotective and antistress activities in Alzheimer’s disease and other neurodegenerative disorders.The source of literature review obtained from Scopus, Science direct, PubMed, web of science database, and journal by using Alzheimer’s pathogenesis, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, amyloid beta, flavonoids, alkaloids are important part of these review research. The current review explored the different types of pathogenesis involved in Alzheimer’s disease and the role of phytoconstituents in treatment of it. The collected information showed that plant based constituents inhibit the major cause of Alzheimer’s disease related to amyloid beta, tau protein, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation etc. The study provide the clue for the investigation of eminent bioactive constituents may serves as an alternative candidate against Alzheimer’s disease and other neurodegenerative disorders.

阿尔茨海默病的确切发病机制仍是一个有争议的问题，目前还没有建立可靠的治疗阿尔茨海默病。然而，一些证据表明，使用植物性植物成分主要是延迟阿尔茨海默病的发作。因此，在本文中，我们收集了有关阿尔茨海默病的病因假说和植物成分的神经保护作用的信息。本文旨在分析阿尔茨海默病的发病机制，以及在阿尔茨海默病和其他神经退行性疾病中发挥重要神经保护和抗应激作用的植物成分的治疗作用。文献综述的来源包括Scopus、Science direct、PubMed、web of Science数据库和期刊，其中阿尔茨海默病的发病机制、神经炎症、氧化应激、淀粉样蛋白、类黄酮、生物碱是这些综述研究的重要组成部分。本文综述了不同类型的阿尔茨海默病发病机制以及植物成分在治疗中的作用。收集到的信息表明，植物性成分抑制与淀粉样蛋白β、tau蛋白、氧化应激、神经炎症等有关的阿尔茨海默病的主要原因。该研究为研究突出的生物活性成分提供了线索，这些活性成分可能作为抗阿尔茨海默病和其他神经退行性疾病的替代候选物。

{"title":"Current Pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s Disease and Plants Derived Neuroprotective Phytoconstituents: A Comprehensive Review","authors":"A. Pradhan, Bimala Tripathy, B. Chowdhury, S. K. Acharjya, Rajaram Das","doi":"10.2174/2211556010666210728123937","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2211556010666210728123937","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000The exact pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease is still a matter to debate, currently there is no reliable therapy established for Alzheimer’s disease. However, several pieces of evidence suggest that the use of plant based phytoconstituents mainly delays the onset of Alzheimer. So, in this review, we collect information about the cause of Alzheimer’s disease hypothesis and neuroprotective effect of phytoconstituents.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000This review paper aimed to analyze the current pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease and the therapeutic effect of plant phytoconstituents that play a vital role in neuroprotective and antistress activities in Alzheimer’s disease and other neurodegenerative disorders.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The source of literature review obtained from Scopus, Science direct, PubMed, web of science database, and journal by using Alzheimer’s pathogenesis, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, amyloid beta, flavonoids, alkaloids are important part of these review research. \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The current review explored the different types of pathogenesis involved in Alzheimer’s disease and the role of phytoconstituents in treatment of it. The collected information showed that plant based constituents inhibit the major cause of Alzheimer’s disease related to amyloid beta, tau protein, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation etc. \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The study provide the clue for the investigation of eminent bioactive constituents may serves as an alternative candidate against Alzheimer’s disease and other neurodegenerative disorders.\u0000","PeriodicalId":10751,"journal":{"name":"Current Psychopharmacology","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84866066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Omega-3 as an adjunctive therapy of sertraline and venlafaxine substantially improves symptoms of major depressive disorder: A double-blind, placebo-controlled study Omega-3作为舍曲林和文拉法辛的辅助疗法，可显著改善重度抑郁症的症状:一项双盲、安慰剂对照研究

Current Psychopharmacology

Pub Date : 2021-07-12 DOI: 10.2174/2211556010666210712185437

Mohammad Ahadifard Moghaddam, Malihe Farid, M. M. Natanzi, Z. Khodaii, Rahim Badrfam, Atefeh Zandifar

Due to the possible effect of omega-3 fatty acids on reducing depressive symptoms, in this study, we investigated these effects in combination with other antidepressants. The study was a double-blind clinical trial on 100 patients with major depressive disorder who were divided into four groups of 25 each and treated with 50 mg daily sertraline plus placebo, 50 mg daily sertraline plus two grams Omega 3 daily, 75 mg daily venlafaxine plus placebo, and 75 mg daily venlafaxine plus 2 g Omega 3 daily for 6 weeks. The mean Hamilton depression rating score of sertraline and venlafaxine plus omega-3 after treatment were 4.42 and 4.23 respectively versus sertraline and venlafaxine plus placebo 14.4 and 14.2 respectively (P value=0.0001). Omega-3 enhanced the clinical function of sertraline and venlafaxine to reduce the severity of depression. Adding omega-3 to either sertraline or venlafaxine does not have a comparative advantage over each other in terms of the improvement of severity of depressive symptoms. number is IRCT20190302042885N1.

由于omega-3脂肪酸可能对减轻抑郁症状有作用，在本研究中，我们研究了与其他抗抑郁药联合使用时的效果。该研究是一项对100名重度抑郁症患者进行的双盲临床试验，他们被分为四组，每组25人，接受每日50毫克舍曲林加安慰剂、每日50毫克舍曲林加2克欧米茄3、每日75毫克文拉法辛加安慰剂、每日75毫克文拉法辛加2克欧米茄3的治疗，持续6周。治疗后舍曲林、文拉法辛加omega-3组汉密尔顿抑郁评分均值分别为4.42和4.23，而舍曲林、文拉法辛加安慰剂组汉密尔顿抑郁评分均值分别为14.4和14.2 (P值=0.0001)。Omega-3增强了舍曲林和文拉法辛的临床功能，减轻抑郁症的严重程度。在舍曲林或文拉法辛中加入omega-3在改善抑郁症状的严重程度方面并没有相对优势。号码为IRCT20190302042885N1。

{"title":"Omega-3 as an adjunctive therapy of sertraline and venlafaxine substantially improves symptoms of major depressive disorder: A double-blind, placebo-controlled study","authors":"Mohammad Ahadifard Moghaddam, Malihe Farid, M. M. Natanzi, Z. Khodaii, Rahim Badrfam, Atefeh Zandifar","doi":"10.2174/2211556010666210712185437","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2211556010666210712185437","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Due to the possible effect of omega-3 fatty acids on reducing depressive symptoms, in this study, we investigated these effects in combination with other antidepressants. \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The study was a double-blind clinical trial on 100 patients with major depressive disorder who were divided into four groups of 25 each and treated with 50 mg daily sertraline plus placebo, 50 mg daily sertraline plus two grams Omega 3 daily, 75 mg daily venlafaxine plus placebo, and 75 mg daily venlafaxine plus 2 g Omega 3 daily for 6 weeks. \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The mean Hamilton depression rating score of sertraline and venlafaxine plus omega-3 after treatment were 4.42 and 4.23 respectively versus sertraline and venlafaxine plus placebo 14.4 and 14.2 respectively (P value=0.0001). \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Omega-3 enhanced the clinical function of sertraline and venlafaxine to reduce the severity of depression. Adding omega-3 to either sertraline or venlafaxine does not have a comparative advantage over each other in terms of the improvement of severity of depressive symptoms. \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000number is IRCT20190302042885N1. \u0000","PeriodicalId":10751,"journal":{"name":"Current Psychopharmacology","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88125153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1