Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology最新文献

{"title":"Molecular epidemiology of human rhinovirus from clinical cases of Dibrugarh, Assam, India","authors":"Mandakini Das ,&nbsp;Biswajyoti Borkakoty ,&nbsp;Nargis K. Bali ,&nbsp;Neelanjana Sarmah ,&nbsp;Aniruddha Jakharia ,&nbsp;Rahul Hazarika ,&nbsp;Chandrakanta Bhattacharya ,&nbsp;Aktarul Islam Siddique ,&nbsp;Kishore Sarma ,&nbsp;Kimmi Sarmah ,&nbsp;Harpreet Kaur","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.101027","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.101027","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>Human rhinovirus (HRV), a member of the <em>Enterovirus</em> genus of the <em>Picornaviridae</em> family is a major respiratory pathogen and the leading cause of upper respiratory tract infections. Given the limited information on HRV prevalence and molecular epidemiology in Northeast India, this study investigated circulating HRV strains in the region from 2015 to 2018.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Nasopharyngeal and throat swab samples were collected and RNA was extracted for HRV detection using qRT-PCR. HRV-positive samples were subjected to bidirectional Sanger sequencing targeting the 549 bp VP4/VP2 region. Obtained sequences were aligned and analyzed phylogenetically using bioinformatics tools to determine genotype distribution and genetic diversity.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Among 2642 cases, 354 (13.3 %) tested positive for HRV. HRV-C was the predominant species (48.7 %), followed by HRV-A (38.4 %) and HRV-B (7.6 %). HRV infection was significantly associated with lower respiratory symptoms such as cough (p &lt; 0.001) and breathlessness (p &lt; 0.026). The study identified 27 different HRV genotypes in the 39 sequenced samples, with HRV-C15 being the most common (9/39) overall and associated with disease severity (p = 0.003). Seasonality analysis indicated peak HRV circulation between August and November (48.8 %, 173/354), with the lowest detected in June–July (14.1 %). HRV-C was more frequently observed in severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) cases and demonstrated the highest heterogeneity, with an intra-species nucleotide mean p-distance of 24.0 %.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>In conclusion, this study presents the first report on the prevalence of human rhinovirus (HRV) among influenza-like illness (ILI) cases in Dibrugarh, Assam, India. HRV-C exhibited distinct epidemiological characteristics compared to HRV-A and HRV-B strains. Molecular epidemiological analysis revealed notable nucleotide variation in the VP4/VP2 region, with HRV-C15 emerging as the predominant genotype associated with increased disease severity. Further research involving larger sample sizes and detailed clinical follow-up is essential to better understand the genotype distribution and genetic diversity of HRV strains circulating in the region.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13284,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology","volume":"59 ","pages":"Article 101027"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145587306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Out of Sight, Should not be out of mind: A perplexing case of Malaria","authors":"Shilpi Saxena ,&nbsp;Reena Das ,&nbsp;Sumeeta Khurana ,&nbsp;Saleem Amjad Mirza ,&nbsp;Kamal Deep Joshi ,&nbsp;Harleen Kaur","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.101028","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.101028","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Malaria diagnosis is often difficult in cases with low parasitaemia and atypical presentations. We report a 30-year-old male with high-grade fever, chills, and vomiting. At admission, he was afebrile, pale, and had progressive splenomegaly. Despite extensive investigations, including multiple peripheral blood smears and malaria rapid diagnostic tests, results were negative. Bone marrow examination revealed rare red blood cells with <em>Plasmodium</em> spp., confirmed by PCR from the marrow aspirate slide. He completely recovered after treatment with Artemether-Lumefantrine and Primaquine. This case underscores the value of bone marrow microscopy and PCR in diagnosing malaria in patients with unexplained cytopenias and splenomegaly.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13284,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology","volume":"59 ","pages":"Article 101028"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145587349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rational test selection in immunology laboratory: Investigating the utility of repeated antinuclear antibody tests","authors":"Emrah Salman","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.101035","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.101035","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The primary reason for increased lab use is inappropriate or needless test requests. Our study examined the benefits of repeated antinuclear antibody (ANA) testing and the reasons for ANA test requests in accordance with reasonable test selection and inappropriate scenarios.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We examined 2.5 years of data from a Turkish tertiary hospital in this retrospective cohort analysis. ANA and other autoimmune test data and clinical information of all patients whose ANA result changed from negative to positive on repeat testing were gathered from the hospital record system.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>44,341 individuals had 51,959 ANA tests between February 2019 and June 2021. ANA tests were positive in 7551 (17 %) of 44,341 patients and 9303 (17.9 %) of 51,959 tests. On 14.6 % (7618 out of 51,959) of tests requested and 13.2 % (5891 out of 44,341) of patients, repeat tests were performed. Of the 5891 patients retested, 171 were initially negative but later positive. A minority (3.7 %) of initially negative ANA patients experienced a change to a titer of ≥1:100 in our 2.5-year investigation. A novel ANA associated rheumatic disease (AARD) was detected in 17 patients. The new positive ANA test had a positive predictive value of 15.1 % following an initially negative ANA test.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>It is common to repeat ANA testing. ANA tests that yielded negative results in the beginning frequently repeat without change. Repetition had no effect on clinical prediction of AARD. Repeat ANA testing in hospital patients is ineffective rather than useful.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13284,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology","volume":"59 ","pages":"Article 101035"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145732942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A molecular snapshot of clinical extra-intestinal Escherichia coli strains in South India – Virulence factors, phylogrouping and resistance trends","authors":"Thripthi Ananda ,&nbsp;Chiranjay Mukhopadhyay","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.101024","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.101024","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div><em>E. coli</em> is a frequently encountered clinical pathogen, and periodic monitoring of antimicrobial resistance and virulence profiles is crucial for defining roadmaps for both infection prevention and control practices.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>We aimed to compare the proportions of key phylogenetic groups, virulence associated genes (VAGs), and antimicrobial susceptibility (AST) patterns of <em>E. coli</em> isolated from various clinical samples and compare expression levels of key VAGs in patients with uncomplicated UTI versus those with UTI + bacteraemia in a tertiary-care hospital in South India.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Clinical <em>E. coli</em> isolates, confirmed using the MALDI-TOF MS, and satisfying the National Healthcare Safety Network(NHSN) criteria for infections were included. Phylogenetic grouping and VAGs detection were performed using multiplex-PCR and targeted gene expression was carried out using quantitative RT-qPCR. AST was determined using VITEK 2 system.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The included 288<em>E. coli</em> isolates (144 from bacteraemia and non-bacteraemia cases each) predominately showed phylogroup B2 (52 %), followed by D (23 %), and most prevalent virulence genes were <em>chuA</em> (74.7 %), <em>fimH</em>(63.3 %), <em>traT</em>(63.2 %), and <em>kpsMTII</em>(54.2 %). <em>fimH, fyuA</em>, and <em>hlyD</em> were significantly associated with bacteraemia, and gene expression of these genes and the analysis demonstrated that <em>hlyD</em> expression was significantly higher (<em>p</em> = 0.012) in UTI + bacteraemia patients when compared to patients with uncomplicated UTI. Phylogroup B2 carried the highest median number of VAGs (7), followed by D (6). Highest susceptibility was towards tigecycline (99.7 %), followed by amikacin (91.7 %) and meropenem (90.0 %).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>We focused on prevalent virulent genes and their expression, leading to bacteraemia, providing a comprehensive overview of an existing concern. Focusing on bacterial gene expression along with integrated surveillance of antimicrobial resistance helps in designing further research so that strategies can be planned that will later help in early risk stratification and informed clinical decision-making to prevent severe complications including secondary bacteraemia and other severe patient morbidities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13284,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology","volume":"59 ","pages":"Article 101024"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145563858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Revisiting clinicomycological and immunological aspects of fungal rhinosinusitis during COVID-19 pandemic","authors":"Mohan Vashistha ,&nbsp;Malini R. Capoor ,&nbsp;Geetika Khanna ,&nbsp;Anita Rani ,&nbsp;Neena Chaudhary","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.101036","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.101036","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background and objectives</h3><div>To determine the relation between disease spectrum, etiology and immunological markers in fungal rhinosinusitis (FRS).</div></div><div><h3>Material and methods</h3><div>Sinus and nasal tissue samples were collected by diagnostic nasal endoscopy and were processed as per standard mycological procedure for microscopy, culture and histopathological examination (HPE). Total IgE, serum IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α levels were detected by Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Out of 148 samples, 70 % were diagnosed as FRS. The most common comorbid condition was COVID-19 infection 46.9 %. The most common predisposing factor was use of steroid therapy 46.9 %. Nasal obstruction 62.2 % was the most common clinical feature but headache (<em>p</em> value 0.002) and eye discharge were statistically significant (<em>p</em> value 0.005). In this study Pottasium hydroxide (KOH) mount revealed findings in 84.69 % patients. KOH, Histopathological examination (HPE) and fungal culture in combination revealed findings in 62.2 % cases. <em>Rhizopus arrhizus</em> 27.6 % was the most common isolate <em>Aspergillus flavus</em> and <em>Rhizopus arrhizus</em> were statistically significant (<em>p</em> value 0.003, 0.026 respectively). In this study IL-6 59.2 % was the most common serological marker raised. Paranasal sinus (PNS) imaging revealed that 100 % of the patients had single or multiple sinus involvement and maxillary sinus (<em>p</em> value 0.038) was significantly associated. Acute invasive fungal rhinosinusitis 75.5 % was the most common type of FRS. In this study mortality was 17.34 %.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>FRS is an important emerging public health problem and a cause of mortality and morbidity, particularly in immunocompromised patients. Furthermore, in the current scenario of the COVID pandemic, FRS has become more fatal and an entity of immediate and grave concern than ever before. Early identification in suspected cases with predisposing factors and early intervention is crucial for the outcome of FRS cases.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13284,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology","volume":"59 ","pages":"Article 101036"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145742540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diagnostic accuracy of Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra for abdominal tuberculosis in a tertiary care setting in North India","authors":"Anuj Pathak ,&nbsp;Reena Raveendran ,&nbsp;Jaswinder Kaur Oberoi ,&nbsp;Chand Wattal ,&nbsp;Anil Arora ,&nbsp;Vikas Singla","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.101008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.101008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Abdominal tuberculosis (TB) poses diagnostic difficulties due to its vague symptoms and low bacterial load. Culture, the gold standard, is limited by a prolonged turnaround time of up to eight weeks. Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra (Xpert Ultra), a rapid, automated molecular test, can detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance in under two hours. This study evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of Xpert Ultra for abdominal TB using both culture and a composite reference standard (CRS), and assessed its agreement in rifampicin resistance detection with phenotypic and genotypic drug susceptibility testing (DST).</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A prospective observational study was conducted from September 2019 to March 2021 at a tertiary care centre in North India. Adults with clinical and radiological features of abdominal TB were enrolled. Relevant abdominal samples were collected and tested using smear, culture (BACTEC MGIT 960), Xpert Ultra, histopathology, and clinical response. Rifampicin resistance was confirmed using MGIT 960 and GenoType MTBDRplus.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Of 176 eligible patients, 144 were enrolled, yielding 152 abdominal samples: lymph node aspirates (52%), biopsies (42.8%), pus/aspirates (3.3%), and ascitic/omental fluids (2%). Xpert Ultra showed 84% diagnostic accuracy against CRS and 75% against culture. Rifampicin resistance detection showed 100% concordance with both phenotypic and genotypic DST.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Xpert Ultra offers high diagnostic accuracy and excellent concordance in rifampicin resistance detection for abdominal TB. Its speed and reliability make it a valuable diagnostic tool in high-burden settings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13284,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology","volume":"59 ","pages":"Article 101008"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145523285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Emergence and clonal transmission of Elizabethkingia meningoseptica in adult and paediatric intensive care units: An integrated clinical, microbiological, and genomic analysis","authors":"Debasish Biswal ,&nbsp;Sharmila Sengupta ,&nbsp;Ripenmeet Salhotra ,&nbsp;Pankhuri Kumari ,&nbsp;Maninder Dhaliwal ,&nbsp;Sadia Khan ,&nbsp;Aayush Chawla ,&nbsp;Veena Raghunathan ,&nbsp;Sandeep Mangla","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.101032","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.101032","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Elizabethkingia meningoseptica</em> is an emerging nosocomial pathogen with complex antimicrobial resistance. We conducted a retrospective study in intensive care units (August 2022–December 2024) involving thirteen patients (ten adults, three paediatric). Universal resistance to piperacillin/tazobactam, aminoglycosides but susceptibility to minocycline was observed. Environmental sampling revealed contamination in water outlets and sink holes. Whole genome sequencing demonstrated clonal relationships between clinical and environmental isolates, confirming nosocomial transmission. Neurological complications were significantly associated with mortality. Following targeted interventions including enhanced disinfection and thermal water flushing, no new cases occurred during three-month follow-up. This study highlights environmental surveillance and integrated infection control importance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13284,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology","volume":"59 ","pages":"Article 101032"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145668261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fulminant Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia presenting as multi-organ dysfunction syndrome in an immunocompetent host","authors":"Debasish Biswal ,&nbsp;Arupparna Sengupta ,&nbsp;Mohit Sharma ,&nbsp;Bijay Ranjan Mirdha ,&nbsp;Aayush Chawla ,&nbsp;Rohit Kumar Garg ,&nbsp;Sadia Khan ,&nbsp;Anubhav Pandey ,&nbsp;Sharmila Sengupta","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.101037","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.101037","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Present case describes an apparently healthy adult who developed severe <em>Pneumocystis jirovecii</em> pneumonia (PJP) leading to multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. The patient presented with month-long fever, fatiguability and recent onset dyspnoea, subsequently developing acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), acute kidney injury and haematological complications. Definitive diagnosis was made through microscopic examination of <em>P.jirovecii</em> cysts stained by Grocott Gomori Methenamine Silver (GMS) and positive PCR assay of broncho-alveolar lavage fluid. This case highlights the evolving spectrum of PJP manifestations and emphasizes the need for early diagnosis and appropriate management in apparently immunocompetent hosts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13284,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology","volume":"59 ","pages":"Article 101037"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145732941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Outbreak of Burkholderia cepacia bacteremia consequent to contaminated ultrasound gel-a report from a tertiary care centre in South Tamilnadu, India","authors":"G. Vithiya ,&nbsp;V. Mangayarkarasi","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.101033","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.101033","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We report an outbreak of <em>Burkholderia cepacia</em> bacteremia in a cardiothoracic surgery intensive care unit. Four cases of bloodstream infections were reported between August 16, 2024 and August 31, 2024. Microbiological surveillance of clean and sterile material from the unit revealed growth of <em>B. cepacia</em> from opened and sealed ultrasound gel bottles. Further cultures acquired from ultrasound gel containers from other units also grew <em>B. cepacia</em> and hence displaced by single use sterile gel. The outbreak was regarded terminated by the first week of September 2024 as no additional cases were described.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13284,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology","volume":"59 ","pages":"Article 101033"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145648423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular characterisation of fosfomycin resistant Enterococci faecalis isolated from a tertiary care medical hospital in northern India","authors":"Anjum Ara Mir,&nbsp;Sayim Wani,&nbsp;Nargis Bali,&nbsp;Bisma Ahad,&nbsp;Masooma Showkat,&nbsp;Aarifa Bashir","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.101022","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.101022","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>To evaluate the in-vitro activity of fosfomycin in urinary isolates of <em>Enterococcus faecalis</em> and look for the molecular mechanisms responsible for resistance to this antibiotic.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div><em>E. faecalis</em> isolates recovered from urine samples were processed for the presence of genes encoding the FOS modifying enzymes, <em>fosA, fosB, fosC, fosX</em> and <em>murA</em>. DNA was extracted using QIAamp DNA Mini kit. Conventional PCR using forward and reverse primers targeting the five genes was carried out. The amplified products were electrophoresed and visualized in a gel documentation system. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done by disc diffusion method.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A total of 274 isolates of <em>E. faecalis</em> isolates were part of our study out of which 57 (20.8 %) were FOS resistant. Slightly more number of FOS resistant isolates were recovered from female patients, 30 (52.6 %) and from patients in the age group of &gt;39 yrs. Majority of the FOS resistant isolates were recovered from patients attending the OPD. Vancomycin resistance was seen in 69 (25.2 %) <em>E. faecalis</em> isolates. <em>fosB</em> was was the most common gene, present in 42 (73.7 %) isolates and <em>murA</em> was present in 15 (26.3 %) isolates of <em>E. faecalis</em>. Furthermore all the FOS resistant, vancomycin resistant isolates harboured the <em>fosB</em> gene (n = 26).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>To our knowledge this study is the first to explore FOS resistance in <em>E. faecalis</em> isolates from this part of the country. Increased resistance to FOS as compared to what has been reported previously calls for strict implementation of infection control protocols as well as heightened surveillance studies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13284,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology","volume":"59 ","pages":"Article 101022"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145563836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}