This chapter begins with NASA's entrance to the Mars rover business with the launch of the Pathfinder mission in 1997 and mentions the Sojourner that puttered around the surface of Mars at a speed of about 1.5 feet per minute. It recounts how the Sojourner survived for 83 days before running out of power. It also talks about the great success of the Sojourner, proving NASA had the wherewithal to land robotic rovers on Mars. The chapter points out that the Sojourner had little impact as a science mission, but the goal for the rover was engineering and the next step for NASA was to make bigger, better rovers capable of doing significant science. It refers to Sojourner's successors, the Spirit and Opportunity rovers, which were launched in June and July 2003.
{"title":"sniffing martian air with curiosity","authors":"D. Weintraub","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvc774fn.18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvc774fn.18","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter begins with NASA's entrance to the Mars rover business with the launch of the Pathfinder mission in 1997 and mentions the Sojourner that puttered around the surface of Mars at a speed of about 1.5 feet per minute. It recounts how the Sojourner survived for 83 days before running out of power. It also talks about the great success of the Sojourner, proving NASA had the wherewithal to land robotic rovers on Mars. The chapter points out that the Sojourner had little impact as a science mission, but the goal for the rover was engineering and the next step for NASA was to make bigger, better rovers capable of doing significant science. It refers to Sojourner's successors, the Spirit and Opportunity rovers, which were launched in June and July 2003.","PeriodicalId":166323,"journal":{"name":"Life on Mars","volume":"103 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115548570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This chapter talks about Mike Mumma and his team, which chronologically is the first group to publicly stake a claim to having discovered methane in the atmosphere of Mars in 2003. It explores the May 2003 abstract that served as a placeholder for a presentation Mumma would give at an American Astronomical Society Division of Planetary Sciences meeting. It also cites Mumma's report on his team's attempt to detect methane on Mars using three different telescopes: NASA's 3-meter Infrared Telescope Facility (IRTF), the 8-meter Gemini South telescope in Chile, and the 10-meter Keck-2 telescope. The chapter provides the details of Mumma's measurements that show that the level of methane in the Martian atmosphere was about 10 parts per billion, averaged across the full atmosphere of Mars. It points out how all the early 2004 announcements about methane on Mars received immediate attention in the popular press.
{"title":"here today, gone tomorrow","authors":"D. Weintraub","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv11699km.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv11699km.17","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter talks about Mike Mumma and his team, which chronologically is the first group to publicly stake a claim to having discovered methane in the atmosphere of Mars in 2003. It explores the May 2003 abstract that served as a placeholder for a presentation Mumma would give at an American Astronomical Society Division of Planetary Sciences meeting. It also cites Mumma's report on his team's attempt to detect methane on Mars using three different telescopes: NASA's 3-meter Infrared Telescope Facility (IRTF), the 8-meter Gemini South telescope in Chile, and the 10-meter Keck-2 telescope. The chapter provides the details of Mumma's measurements that show that the level of methane in the Martian atmosphere was about 10 parts per billion, averaged across the full atmosphere of Mars. It points out how all the early 2004 announcements about methane on Mars received immediate attention in the popular press.","PeriodicalId":166323,"journal":{"name":"Life on Mars","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128526538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A team of scientists at the University of Glasgow and the Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre and the Natural History Museum (London) have discovered the first evidence of water dissolving the surface of Mars. In a paper published in the Meteoritical Society's journal MAPS, the research team outline the results of tests on a 1.7-gram fragment of a Martian meteorite known as Nakhla, which was provided by the Natural History Museum. Nakhla, named after the town in Egypt where it landed in 1911 after being blasted from the surface of Mars by a massive impact around 10 million years ago, has been studied for decades by scientists around the world. Previous research on Nakhla has provided evidence of the existence of water on Mars through the presence in the meteorite of 'secondary minerals' – types of carbonates, hydrous silicates and sulfates most likely formed when Martian minerals reacted with liquid water. "What has been unclear in the past is exactly where the chemical elements which made up the secondary minerals within Nakhla came from," said Martin Lee of the University's School of Geographical and Earth Sciences, lead author of the paper. "Using a scanning electron microscope, we examined many tiny bowl-shaped depressions, known as etch pits, in grains of the minerals olivine and augite found in the meteorite. "What we've found for the first time is evidence that the etch pits were created when water dissolved the olivine and augite, and that the elements released from those minerals led to the formation of the secondary minerals. It's an exciting discovery and better informs of our understanding of how water affected rock on Mars." By examining the amount of dissolution which occurred in the etch pits (Image below) formed within the minerals, the team have also been able to estimate how long the water was present within the sample. "From the amount of dissolution we observed, it's likely that this particular piece of Mars was affected by water for only a few months and probably less than a year in total," Lee added. "That's certainly not long enough to sustain a life-supporting biosphere; however, the findings of our study are from a tiny piece of a very small chunk of the surface of Mars, so it's difficult to draw any large-scale conclusions about the presence of water on the planet or its implications for life."Our research does raise fascinating questions about exactly how long ago the water interacted with the part of Mars which Nakhla came from and where the water might have gone. We'll be continuing to look for clues to the answers to these questions in future research. Results from NASA's Curiosity rover, currently on the surface of Mars, will also help us build a clearer picture of the history of Martian water." [Mars might have been cold and dry with a transient presence of water at the surface some four billion years ago — the early Noachian period. But it is becoming increasingly clear that the environment below t
格拉斯哥大学、苏格兰大学环境研究中心和自然历史博物馆(伦敦)的一组科学家首次发现了火星表面存在水溶解的证据。在一篇发表在陨石学会杂志MAPS上的论文中，研究小组概述了对一块1.7克重的火星陨石碎片的测试结果，这块碎片被称为Nakhla，由自然历史博物馆提供。Nakhla以埃及的一个小镇命名，它在1911年从火星表面被一次大约1000万年前的巨大撞击炸飞后降落在那里，世界各地的科学家已经研究了几十年。此前对Nakhla的研究提供了火星上存在水的证据，因为陨石中存在“次级矿物”——碳酸盐、含水硅酸盐和硫酸盐的类型，最有可能是火星矿物与液态水反应时形成的。该论文的第一作者、该大学地理与地球科学学院的马丁·李(Martin Lee)说:“过去一直不清楚的是，构成那喀拉火山次生矿物的化学元素究竟来自哪里。”“使用扫描电子显微镜，我们检查了陨石中发现的橄榄石和奥辉石矿物颗粒中的许多微小的碗状凹陷，称为蚀刻坑。“我们首次发现的证据表明，当水溶解橄榄石和奥辉石时，蚀刻坑就产生了，这些矿物质释放的元素导致了次生矿物的形成。这是一个令人兴奋的发现，它让我们更好地了解了水如何影响火星上的岩石。”通过检查在矿物中形成的蚀刻坑(下图)中发生的溶解量，研究小组还能够估计水在样品中存在的时间。“从我们观察到的溶解量来看，这片特殊的火星可能只受到水的影响了几个月，可能总共不到一年，”李补充说。“这当然不足以维持一个支持生命的生物圈;然而，我们的研究结果来自火星表面非常小的一块，所以很难得出关于火星上是否存在水或它对生命的影响的大规模结论。“我们的研究确实提出了一些有趣的问题，即水究竟在多久以前与火星上那赫拉的部分相互作用，以及水可能去了哪里。在未来的研究中，我们将继续寻找这些问题答案的线索。目前在火星表面的美国宇航局好奇号火星车的结果也将帮助我们更清楚地了解火星水的历史。”大约40亿年前，也就是早期的诺亚时期，火星表面可能是寒冷干燥的，有短暂的水存在。但越来越清楚的是，地表以下的环境肯定更温暖、更湿润，在诺亚亚时期，液态水在不同的深度存在。许多陨石坑底部粘土矿物的存在清楚地表明，它们是液态水与母岩长期相互作用的结果。甚至早前就发现了巨大山脊的存在，但导致它们形成的可能原因尚不清楚。最近发表在《地球物理研究快报》(Geophysical Research Letters)上的一篇论文，研究了Nili Fossae和nilosytis高地的4000多座山脊，并在《环境、药理学和生命科学公报》上发表
{"title":"water on mars:","authors":"Raaz Maheshwari","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv11699km.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv11699km.9","url":null,"abstract":"A team of scientists at the University of Glasgow and the Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre and the Natural History Museum (London) have discovered the first evidence of water dissolving the surface of Mars. In a paper published in the Meteoritical Society's journal MAPS, the research team outline the results of tests on a 1.7-gram fragment of a Martian meteorite known as Nakhla, which was provided by the Natural History Museum. Nakhla, named after the town in Egypt where it landed in 1911 after being blasted from the surface of Mars by a massive impact around 10 million years ago, has been studied for decades by scientists around the world. Previous research on Nakhla has provided evidence of the existence of water on Mars through the presence in the meteorite of 'secondary minerals' – types of carbonates, hydrous silicates and sulfates most likely formed when Martian minerals reacted with liquid water. \"What has been unclear in the past is exactly where the chemical elements which made up the secondary minerals within Nakhla came from,\" said Martin Lee of the University's School of Geographical and Earth Sciences, lead author of the paper. \"Using a scanning electron microscope, we examined many tiny bowl-shaped depressions, known as etch pits, in grains of the minerals olivine and augite found in the meteorite. \"What we've found for the first time is evidence that the etch pits were created when water dissolved the olivine and augite, and that the elements released from those minerals led to the formation of the secondary minerals. It's an exciting discovery and better informs of our understanding of how water affected rock on Mars.\" By examining the amount of dissolution which occurred in the etch pits (Image below) formed within the minerals, the team have also been able to estimate how long the water was present within the sample. \"From the amount of dissolution we observed, it's likely that this particular piece of Mars was affected by water for only a few months and probably less than a year in total,\" Lee added. \"That's certainly not long enough to sustain a life-supporting biosphere; however, the findings of our study are from a tiny piece of a very small chunk of the surface of Mars, so it's difficult to draw any large-scale conclusions about the presence of water on the planet or its implications for life.\"Our research does raise fascinating questions about exactly how long ago the water interacted with the part of Mars which Nakhla came from and where the water might have gone. We'll be continuing to look for clues to the answers to these questions in future research. Results from NASA's Curiosity rover, currently on the surface of Mars, will also help us build a clearer picture of the history of Martian water.\" [Mars might have been cold and dry with a transient presence of water at the surface some four billion years ago — the early Noachian period. But it is becoming increasingly clear that the environment below t","PeriodicalId":166323,"journal":{"name":"Life on Mars","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134302145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This chapter details how astronomers fell in love with Mars during the very earliest years of the age of telescopes because it could appear quite large when viewed through the lens, as it is closer to Earth than all other planets. It discusses the astronomers that gained knowledge about the physical properties of Mars by the end of the eighteenth century that were convinced that Earth and Mars could be thought of as twins. It also recounts the first claimed telescopic detection of a black spot on Mars' surface in 1636 and again in 1638 by amateur astronomer Francesco Fontana. The chapter explains how Fontana's dark spot drew the attention of other astronomers to Mars as an object of interest with the potential to show observers something other than a bland, featureless disk. It refers to astronomers armed with telescopes who scould peer through the depths of space and unravel the mysteries of the red planet.
{"title":"mars and earth as twins","authors":"D. Weintraub","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvc774fn.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvc774fn.5","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter details how astronomers fell in love with Mars during the very earliest years of the age of telescopes because it could appear quite large when viewed through the lens, as it is closer to Earth than all other planets. It discusses the astronomers that gained knowledge about the physical properties of Mars by the end of the eighteenth century that were convinced that Earth and Mars could be thought of as twins. It also recounts the first claimed telescopic detection of a black spot on Mars' surface in 1636 and again in 1638 by amateur astronomer Francesco Fontana. The chapter explains how Fontana's dark spot drew the attention of other astronomers to Mars as an object of interest with the potential to show observers something other than a bland, featureless disk. It refers to astronomers armed with telescopes who scould peer through the depths of space and unravel the mysteries of the red planet.","PeriodicalId":166323,"journal":{"name":"Life on Mars","volume":"88 4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130612998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This chapter refers to Roberta Score, the curator of the Antarctic Meteorite Laboratory at the Johnson Space Center in Texas, who was hunting for meteorites in Antarctica during the last days of 1984. It discusses the National Science Foundation's Antarctic Search for Meteorites (ANSMET) program, which excavated pristine meteorites collected on the blue ice of Antarctica that had fallen thousands or millions of years ago. It also describes the meteorites as a scientific windfall for the scientific community and worth the difficult work involved in obtaining them. The chapter focuses on the meteorite that was discovered by Score and was named ALH 84001. It points out that the greenish color of ALH 84001 was so unusual that it became a high-priority meteorite when it arrived in Houston.
{"title":"hot potato","authors":"David A. Weintraub","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv11699km.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv11699km.14","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter refers to Roberta Score, the curator of the Antarctic Meteorite Laboratory at the Johnson Space Center in Texas, who was hunting for meteorites in Antarctica during the last days of 1984. It discusses the National Science Foundation's Antarctic Search for Meteorites (ANSMET) program, which excavated pristine meteorites collected on the blue ice of Antarctica that had fallen thousands or millions of years ago. It also describes the meteorites as a scientific windfall for the scientific community and worth the difficult work involved in obtaining them. The chapter focuses on the meteorite that was discovered by Score and was named ALH 84001. It points out that the greenish color of ALH 84001 was so unusual that it became a high-priority meteorite when it arrived in Houston.","PeriodicalId":166323,"journal":{"name":"Life on Mars","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114867568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This chapter talks about the astronomers who have been searching for evidence of methane in the atmosphere of Mars for half a century and trying to address the question of why it is there. It clarifies that methane is a simple molecule that packs a very powerful astrobiological punch and is impossible to exist in the oxygen-rich, hydrogen-poor Martian environment without it being actively created by living things. It also points out how the discovery of methane in the atmosphere of Mars could be unequivocal proof that life exists or existed on Mars. The chapter explains that methane is a colorless, odorless gas that is the simplest possible molecule composed of both and only hydrogen and carbon atoms. It emphasizes that methane in the Martian atmosphere simply cannot survive for long and it could have been converted to carbon dioxide and water.
{"title":"methane and mars","authors":"D. Weintraub","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvc774fn.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvc774fn.15","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter talks about the astronomers who have been searching for evidence of methane in the atmosphere of Mars for half a century and trying to address the question of why it is there. It clarifies that methane is a simple molecule that packs a very powerful astrobiological punch and is impossible to exist in the oxygen-rich, hydrogen-poor Martian environment without it being actively created by living things. It also points out how the discovery of methane in the atmosphere of Mars could be unequivocal proof that life exists or existed on Mars. The chapter explains that methane is a colorless, odorless gas that is the simplest possible molecule composed of both and only hydrogen and carbon atoms. It emphasizes that methane in the Martian atmosphere simply cannot survive for long and it could have been converted to carbon dioxide and water.","PeriodicalId":166323,"journal":{"name":"Life on Mars","volume":"03 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127190236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This chapter talks about Russian astronomer Gavriil Adrianovich Tikhov, who tried to prove that vegetation existed on Mars by looking for evidence of chlorophyll in the colors of Martian light. It details Tikhov's searches for chlorophyll that began as early as 1909. It also talks about Tikhov's use of homemade colored filters to find out if Mars has green surface patches just like how light is reflected from chlorophyll-containing vegetation on Earth. The chapter explains that chlorophyll molecules power photosynthesis by absorbing sunlight and transferring that solar energy to an electron that starts the process of converting water and carbon dioxide into sugar and oxygen. It discusses Tikhov's failure to find any evidence for green reflected light in his earliest observations for chlorophyll on Mars.
{"title":"chlorophyll, lichens, and algae","authors":"D. Weintraub","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvc774fn.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvc774fn.11","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter talks about Russian astronomer Gavriil Adrianovich Tikhov, who tried to prove that vegetation existed on Mars by looking for evidence of chlorophyll in the colors of Martian light. It details Tikhov's searches for chlorophyll that began as early as 1909. It also talks about Tikhov's use of homemade colored filters to find out if Mars has green surface patches just like how light is reflected from chlorophyll-containing vegetation on Earth. The chapter explains that chlorophyll molecules power photosynthesis by absorbing sunlight and transferring that solar energy to an electron that starts the process of converting water and carbon dioxide into sugar and oxygen. It discusses Tikhov's failure to find any evidence for green reflected light in his earliest observations for chlorophyll on Mars.","PeriodicalId":166323,"journal":{"name":"Life on Mars","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125285087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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