Pub Date : 2026-01-01Epub Date: 2025-12-27DOI: 10.1016/j.ijggc.2025.104564
Maryam Eslami , Xi Wang , Yoon-Seok Choi
Four different corrosion-resistant alloys (13Cr, super 13Cr, 25Cr duplex stainless, 25Cr super duplex stainless steel) were studied under two different CO2 partial pressures (0 and 13.8 MPa) at high temperature (150 °C) in a 3 wt.% NaCl solution. Electrochemical and exposure experiments were conducted at a consistent initial pH for comparison. The results indicate that 13Cr exhibits active corrosion behavior, whereas super 13Cr demonstrates typical passive behavior without re-passivation under the testing conditions. Both 25Cr duplex and 25Cr super duplex steels show exceptional corrosion resistance and passive behavior, with re-passivation potentials higher than corrosion potential in nearly all testing conditions. Passive films show similar composition and forward-scan responses under both experimental conditions; however, in the CO2 environment, the alloys repassivated only at more negative potentials than in the CO₂-free condition.
{"title":"Influence of CO2 partial pressure on electrochemical behavior of corrosion-resistant alloys for CO2 injection tubing of carbon capture and storage system","authors":"Maryam Eslami , Xi Wang , Yoon-Seok Choi","doi":"10.1016/j.ijggc.2025.104564","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijggc.2025.104564","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Four different corrosion-resistant alloys (13Cr, super 13Cr, 25Cr duplex stainless, 25Cr super duplex stainless steel) were studied under two different CO<sub>2</sub> partial pressures (0 and 13.8 MPa) at high temperature (150 °C) in a 3 wt.% NaCl solution. Electrochemical and exposure experiments were conducted at a consistent initial pH for comparison. The results indicate that 13Cr exhibits active corrosion behavior, whereas super 13Cr demonstrates typical passive behavior without re-passivation under the testing conditions. Both 25Cr duplex and 25Cr super duplex steels show exceptional corrosion resistance and passive behavior, with re-passivation potentials higher than corrosion potential in nearly all testing conditions. Passive films show similar composition and forward-scan responses under both experimental conditions; however, in the CO<sub>2</sub> environment, the alloys repassivated only at more negative potentials than in the CO₂-free condition.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":334,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control","volume":"149 ","pages":"Article 104564"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145837180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01Epub Date: 2025-12-02DOI: 10.1016/j.ijggc.2025.104526
Deirdre E. Clark , Iwona M. Galeczka , Sigurður R. Gíslason , Sandra Ó. Snæbjörnsdóttir , Ingvi Gunnarsson , Eric H. Oelkers
Carbon dioxide storage through the carbonation of subsurface basaltic rocks is currently being explored to limit carbon emissions to the atmosphere. Basaltic rocks, however, contain trace and toxic metals that could potentially be mobilized by the carbonation process. This study reports the degree to which selected trace and toxic metals were mobilized during CarbFix1 and CarbFix2 projects. CarbFix1 injected 175 tons of CO2-charged water followed by 73 tons of CO2/H2S-charged water into basalts at 35 °C, whereas CarbFix2 continuously injected CO2/H2S-charged water into basalts at >250 °C. In most cases dissolved concentrations of Ba, Sr, Mo, Cu, Cr, Ni, Cd, and Pb in monitoring well fluids remained low. Although these fluids are not intended for human consumption, the aqueous trace element concentrations were generally below the WHO, EU, and Iceland drinking water standards, except for Fe and Mn in CarbFix1. Aluminum and As concentrations exceeded these standards during CarbFix2, but were elevated before injection. The low concentrations of most trace and toxic metals are consistent with their removal by secondary processes, particularly co-precipitation into carbonate and sulfide minerals formed during gas-water-basalt interaction. Solid precipitates recovered from CarbFix1 show strong enrichment of transition metals in calcite, consistent with natural and engineered analogues. As the two CarbFix injections bound the lower and upper temperature ranges of likely mineral carbon storage efforts, these results suggest limited risk of water contamination due to toxic and trace element release from subsurface basalts due to the injection of dissolved CO2 and H2S.
{"title":"Does the release of toxic metals due to subsurface CO2 storage in basalts pose an environmental hazard?","authors":"Deirdre E. Clark , Iwona M. Galeczka , Sigurður R. Gíslason , Sandra Ó. Snæbjörnsdóttir , Ingvi Gunnarsson , Eric H. Oelkers","doi":"10.1016/j.ijggc.2025.104526","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijggc.2025.104526","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Carbon dioxide storage through the carbonation of subsurface basaltic rocks is currently being explored to limit carbon emissions to the atmosphere. Basaltic rocks, however, contain trace and toxic metals that could potentially be mobilized by the carbonation process. This study reports the degree to which selected trace and toxic metals were mobilized during CarbFix1 and CarbFix2 projects. CarbFix1 injected 175 tons of CO<sub>2</sub>-charged water followed by 73 tons of CO<sub>2</sub>/H<sub>2</sub>S-charged water into basalts at 35 °C, whereas CarbFix2 continuously injected CO<sub>2</sub>/H<sub>2</sub>S-charged water into basalts at >250 °C. In most cases dissolved concentrations of Ba, Sr, Mo, Cu, Cr, Ni, Cd, and Pb in monitoring well fluids remained low. Although these fluids are not intended for human consumption, the aqueous trace element concentrations were generally below the WHO, EU, and Iceland drinking water standards, except for Fe and Mn in CarbFix1. Aluminum and As concentrations exceeded these standards during CarbFix2, but were elevated before injection. The low concentrations of most trace and toxic metals are consistent with their removal by secondary processes, particularly co-precipitation into carbonate and sulfide minerals formed during gas-water-basalt interaction. Solid precipitates recovered from CarbFix1 show strong enrichment of transition metals in calcite, consistent with natural and engineered analogues. As the two CarbFix injections bound the lower and upper temperature ranges of likely mineral carbon storage efforts, these results suggest limited risk of water contamination due to toxic and trace element release from subsurface basalts due to the injection of dissolved CO<sub>2</sub> and H<sub>2</sub>S.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":334,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control","volume":"149 ","pages":"Article 104526"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145692597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01Epub Date: 2025-12-24DOI: 10.1016/j.ijggc.2025.104559
Cyril Bajamundi , Timo Leino , Juho Kauppinen , Oona Louhola , Mikko Lappalainen
Operating electrically heated kilns under high-CO2 atmospheres can increase CO2 capture efficiency but creates reducing conditions that drive CO formation. In this work, CO generation during limestone calcination in a 280 kW electrically heated rotary kiln at 75 vol-% CO2 and low O2 concentration is investigated. Equilibrium calculations indicate that sulphide and sulphite phases in limestone decompose, releasing SO2 and promoting CO formation. Complementary packed-bed experiments confirm that sulphur species are a major CO promoter and reveal a synergistic interaction between sulphur compounds and elevated CO2 levels. Using low-sulphur limestone could suppress CO emissions. Where low-sulphur feedstocks are unavailable, targeted electrolytic O2 or air injection coupled with indirect limestone preheating is proposed to strip sulphur and preserve the high-purity CO2 stream which will improve the efficiency of electrified kilns integrated with a carbon capture process.
{"title":"Production of high-concentration CO2 from electrified limestone calcination for carbon capture applications","authors":"Cyril Bajamundi , Timo Leino , Juho Kauppinen , Oona Louhola , Mikko Lappalainen","doi":"10.1016/j.ijggc.2025.104559","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijggc.2025.104559","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Operating electrically heated kilns under high-CO<sub>2</sub> atmospheres can increase CO<sub>2</sub> capture efficiency but creates reducing conditions that drive CO formation. In this work, CO generation during limestone calcination in a 280 kW electrically heated rotary kiln at 75<!--> <!-->vol-% CO<sub>2</sub> and low O<sub>2</sub> concentration is investigated. Equilibrium calculations indicate that sulphide and sulphite phases in limestone decompose, releasing SO<sub>2</sub> and promoting CO formation. Complementary packed-bed experiments confirm that sulphur species are a major CO promoter and reveal a synergistic interaction between sulphur compounds and elevated CO<sub>2</sub> levels. Using low-sulphur limestone could suppress CO emissions. Where low-sulphur feedstocks are unavailable, targeted electrolytic O<sub>2</sub> or air injection coupled with indirect limestone preheating is proposed to strip sulphur and preserve the high-purity CO<sub>2</sub> stream which will improve the efficiency of electrified kilns integrated with a carbon capture process.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":334,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control","volume":"149 ","pages":"Article 104559"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145837175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study presents a techno-economic comparison of three amine technologies for CO2 capture from three major CO2-rich flue gases in integrated iron and steelmaking processes. The amine technologies were based on aqueous solutions of 30 wt% MEA, a 13 wt% PZ and 27 wt% AMP blend (PZ/AMP), and CSIRO’s proprietary CAL008 absorbent. The flue gases considered, in order of decreasing CO2 intensity, were blast furnace gas (BFG), sintering gas (SG), and basic oxygen furnace gas (BOFG). Carbon capture systems utilised amine solutions in standard absorber-stripper and modified cold rich-split process configurations. The processes were simulated using ProTreat®, employing a rate-based approach to design and simulate absorber and stripper columns, targeting 90 % capture. Using the standard design, CAL008 achieved minimum regeneration duties of 2.82–2.97 MJ/kg CO2, comparable to PZ/AMP (2.56–2.76 MJ/kg CO2) and significantly lower than MEA (3.20–3.30 MJ/kg CO2). The cold rich-split modification further reduced the minimum regeneration duty, particulalry for BFG, with reductions of 14.3 % for CAL008, 12 % for PZ/AMP, and 6.2 % for MEA. The levelised cost of carbon capture (LCCC) was lowest for PZ/AMP among the amine technologies when applied to BFG, primarily due to its lower regeneration energy requirement. However, when considering absorbent management costs—including those associated with thermal and oxidative degradation, thermal reclaiming, and waste disposal—CAL008 had a lower LCCC than PZ/AMP and MEA for SG and BOFG. This advantage primarily stemmed from CAL008’s ability to be recovered from a degradation product, in contrast to MEA and PZ/AMP, which required replacement with fresh absorbent.
{"title":"Energy and economic performance of three amine technologies for carbon capture in integrated iron and steel production plants","authors":"Ehsan Soroodan , Graeme Puxty , Sanger Huang , Paul Feron","doi":"10.1016/j.ijggc.2025.104561","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijggc.2025.104561","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents a techno-economic comparison of three amine technologies for CO<sub>2</sub> capture from three major CO<sub>2</sub>-rich flue gases in integrated iron and steelmaking processes. The amine technologies were based on aqueous solutions of 30 wt% MEA, a 13 wt% PZ and 27 wt% AMP blend (PZ/AMP), and CSIRO’s proprietary CAL008 absorbent. The flue gases considered, in order of decreasing CO<sub>2</sub> intensity, were blast furnace gas (BFG), sintering gas (SG), and basic oxygen furnace gas (BOFG). Carbon capture systems utilised amine solutions in standard absorber-stripper and modified cold rich-split process configurations. The processes were simulated using ProTreat®, employing a rate-based approach to design and simulate absorber and stripper columns, targeting 90 % capture. Using the standard design, CAL008 achieved minimum regeneration duties of 2.82–2.97 MJ/kg CO<sub>2</sub>, comparable to PZ/AMP (2.56–2.76 MJ/kg CO<sub>2</sub>) and significantly lower than MEA (3.20–3.30 MJ/kg CO<sub>2</sub>). The cold rich-split modification further reduced the minimum regeneration duty, particulalry for BFG, with reductions of 14.3 % for CAL008, 12 % for PZ/AMP, and 6.2 % for MEA. The levelised cost of carbon capture (LCCC) was lowest for PZ/AMP among the amine technologies when applied to BFG, primarily due to its lower regeneration energy requirement. However, when considering absorbent management costs—including those associated with thermal and oxidative degradation, thermal reclaiming, and waste disposal—CAL008 had a lower LCCC than PZ/AMP and MEA for SG and BOFG. This advantage primarily stemmed from CAL008’s ability to be recovered from a degradation product, in contrast to MEA and PZ/AMP, which required replacement with fresh absorbent.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":334,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control","volume":"149 ","pages":"Article 104561"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145837178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01Epub Date: 2026-01-07DOI: 10.1016/j.ijggc.2025.104565
Iwona Galeczka , Martin Voigt , Daniel Andres Duque Carrillo , Kjartan Marteinsson , Thomas Ratouis , Sandra Ósk Snæbjörnsdóttr , Fríða Jónsdóttir , Paula Fernandez-Acosta , Gunnar Hrafn Gunnarsson , Bergur Sigfússon , Jóhann Gunnarsson Robin , Sif Pétursdóttir , Salka Kolbeinsdóttir , Magnús Á. Sigurgeirsson , Helga M. Helgadóttir , Gunnlaug Ásgeirsdóttir , Ólafur Elínarson
Freshwater scarcity can limit the scalability of subsurface CO2 mineralization projects which rely on dissolving CO2 in water before injection into basaltic reservoirs. While ongoing Carbfix projects primarily use freshwater or process water such as geothermal condensate to dissolve CO2, in the Coda Terminal project, in Straumsvík, SW Iceland, it is proposed to use seawater due to its availability. The storage reservoir contains a mix of freshwater, brackish, and saline groundwater, with measured conductivities ranging from ∼100 to ∼40,000 μS/cm. Water chemistry of the brackish and saline water indicates extensive water-rock interaction with depletion of Na, K, B, and Mg, and strong enrichment in Ca - essential for calcite precipitation, the dominant carbonate mineral in low-temperature basalt alteration.
Dissolution experiments conducted on Straumsvík basalt show similar trace element mobility in both freshwater and seawater, with only Al, Fe, and Mn exceeding WHO drinking water limits, suggesting low risk of groundwater contamination. Reaction path modelling indicates that mineralization efficiency can reach 100% for both water types, and that mixing of CO2-charged injection water with reservoir water does not significantly affect water chemical evolution or secondary mineral formation.
These results support the feasibility of using seawater for CO2 storage in basaltic settings and high potential for CO2 mineralization in Straumsvík. However, complex groundwater stratification and regulatory framework highlight the need for integrated hydrogeological, geochemical, and regulatory planning to ensure safe and effective implementation of large-scale CO2 mineral storage at coastal sites.
{"title":"Geochemical framework for CO2 mineralization in coastal aquifers: Lessons from the Coda Terminal project, Iceland","authors":"Iwona Galeczka , Martin Voigt , Daniel Andres Duque Carrillo , Kjartan Marteinsson , Thomas Ratouis , Sandra Ósk Snæbjörnsdóttr , Fríða Jónsdóttir , Paula Fernandez-Acosta , Gunnar Hrafn Gunnarsson , Bergur Sigfússon , Jóhann Gunnarsson Robin , Sif Pétursdóttir , Salka Kolbeinsdóttir , Magnús Á. Sigurgeirsson , Helga M. Helgadóttir , Gunnlaug Ásgeirsdóttir , Ólafur Elínarson","doi":"10.1016/j.ijggc.2025.104565","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijggc.2025.104565","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Freshwater scarcity can limit the scalability of subsurface CO<sub>2</sub> mineralization projects which rely on dissolving CO<sub>2</sub> in water before injection into basaltic reservoirs. While ongoing Carbfix projects primarily use freshwater or process water such as geothermal condensate to dissolve CO<sub>2</sub>, in the Coda Terminal project, in Straumsvík, SW Iceland, it is proposed to use seawater due to its availability. The storage reservoir contains a mix of freshwater, brackish, and saline groundwater, with measured conductivities ranging from ∼100 to ∼40,000 μS/cm. Water chemistry of the brackish and saline water indicates extensive water-rock interaction with depletion of Na, K, B, and Mg, and strong enrichment in Ca - essential for calcite precipitation, the dominant carbonate mineral in low-temperature basalt alteration.</div><div>Dissolution experiments conducted on Straumsvík basalt show similar trace element mobility in both freshwater and seawater, with only Al, Fe, and Mn exceeding WHO drinking water limits, suggesting low risk of groundwater contamination. Reaction path modelling indicates that mineralization efficiency can reach 100% for both water types, and that mixing of CO<sub>2</sub>-charged injection water with reservoir water does not significantly affect water chemical evolution or secondary mineral formation.</div><div>These results support the feasibility of using seawater for CO<sub>2</sub> storage in basaltic settings and high potential for CO<sub>2</sub> mineralization in Straumsvík. However, complex groundwater stratification and regulatory framework highlight the need for integrated hydrogeological, geochemical, and regulatory planning to ensure safe and effective implementation of large-scale CO<sub>2</sub> mineral storage at coastal sites.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":334,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control","volume":"149 ","pages":"Article 104565"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145920743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01Epub Date: 2025-12-13DOI: 10.1016/j.ijggc.2025.104556
Maurizio Milano, Luigi Bianco, Maurizio Fedi
This study explores the use of 4D surface gravity data to monitor CO₂ stored in geological formations. We show that gravity method can provide useful and independent information for tracking CO₂ plume development and estimating stored mass, thereby supporting the safety assessment of carbon storage. Our objective is to delineate the plume spatial extent, evaluate its depth, and estimate net CO₂ mass changes over time. We focus on the Sleipner storage site, where 4D gravity surveys have been used to monitor CO₂ migration. We computed the time-lapse gravity field from multi-physics simulations based on the Utsira benchmark model and defined a workflow to process the data. We first performed the boundary analysis of the gravity field to evaluate its capability to resolve the plume shape within the limits in spatial resolution. Then we showed that, despite the plume complex geometry, the field behaves as a homogeneous field at large altitudes. This allowed the DEXP transformation of the field to yield an accurate depth and mass estimation of the stored CO2 also confirmed by constrained inverse modeling.
This workflow was then applied to the gravity dataset collected as part of the Sleipner monitoring program. Despite limitations in spatial coverage and data sampling, the inferred CO₂ mass and plume extent from the Sleipner gravity data are consistent with injected volumes and the seismic plume boundaries, supporting the robustness of gravity-based monitoring.
{"title":"What gravity monitoring may reveal about CO₂ storage: Insights from the Sleipner site (Norway)","authors":"Maurizio Milano, Luigi Bianco, Maurizio Fedi","doi":"10.1016/j.ijggc.2025.104556","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijggc.2025.104556","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study explores the use of 4D surface gravity data to monitor CO₂ stored in geological formations. We show that gravity method can provide useful and independent information for tracking CO₂ plume development and estimating stored mass, thereby supporting the safety assessment of carbon storage. Our objective is to delineate the plume spatial extent, evaluate its depth, and estimate net CO₂ mass changes over time. We focus on the Sleipner storage site, where 4D gravity surveys have been used to monitor CO₂ migration. We computed the time-lapse gravity field from multi-physics simulations based on the Utsira benchmark model and defined a workflow to process the data. We first performed the boundary analysis of the gravity field to evaluate its capability to resolve the plume shape within the limits in spatial resolution. Then we showed that, despite the plume complex geometry, the field behaves as a homogeneous field at large altitudes. This allowed the DEXP transformation of the field to yield an accurate depth and mass estimation of the stored CO<sub>2</sub> also confirmed by constrained inverse modeling.</div><div>This workflow was then applied to the gravity dataset collected as part of the Sleipner monitoring program. Despite limitations in spatial coverage and data sampling, the inferred CO₂ mass and plume extent from the Sleipner gravity data are consistent with injected volumes and the seismic plume boundaries, supporting the robustness of gravity-based monitoring.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":334,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control","volume":"149 ","pages":"Article 104556"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145797860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01Epub Date: 2025-12-18DOI: 10.1016/j.ijggc.2025.104558
Martin Greco-Coppi , Nelly Eisenbach , Manuel-Daniel Kurkunc , Markus Sattler , Nils Roloff , Jochen Ströhle , Bernd Epple
Waste incineration and waste-to-energy (WtE) plants play a key role in waste management worldwide. To avoid the high amounts of CO2 emissions associated with waste incineration, cost-effective capture solutions are required. Nevertheless, most capture processes entail high economic penalties, making them unprofitable under current carbon taxes. In this work, we compare two concepts for capturing CO2 emissions using carbonate looping (also known as calcium looping, CaL) technology. One concept involves retrofitting the capture facility at the back end. The other is a novel integration concept that uses pretreated waste to fire the calciner, replacing one incineration line. The CaL concepts are analyzed for retrofitting a German WtE plant, which treats 200 kt of waste per year. We performed a techno-economic assessment that includes process modeling using the software Aspen Plus. The process simulations were supported using reactor models validated with pilot plant data. The calculated mass and energy balances were used to dimension components and calculate economic indicators, including a sensitivity analysis. We obtained CO2 avoidance costs (CAC) of ca. 140 €/tCO2,av for the tail-end concept, in agreement with previous studies. On the other hand, the integrated concept has CAC of 27 €/tCO2,av, including compression but excluding transport and storage, making it competitive with the current price of CO2 certificates in the European Union. To the best of our knowledge, this is the lowest value reported in the scientific literature for CO2 capture from waste incineration plants to date.
{"title":"Techno-economic assessment of carbonate looping for cost-effective CO2 capture in waste incineration","authors":"Martin Greco-Coppi , Nelly Eisenbach , Manuel-Daniel Kurkunc , Markus Sattler , Nils Roloff , Jochen Ströhle , Bernd Epple","doi":"10.1016/j.ijggc.2025.104558","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijggc.2025.104558","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Waste incineration and waste-to-energy (WtE) plants play a key role in waste management worldwide. To avoid the high amounts of CO<sub>2</sub> emissions associated with waste incineration, cost-effective capture solutions are required. Nevertheless, most capture processes entail high economic penalties, making them unprofitable under current carbon taxes. In this work, we compare two concepts for capturing CO<sub>2</sub> emissions using carbonate looping (also known as <em>calcium looping</em>, CaL) technology. One concept involves retrofitting the capture facility at the back end. The other is a novel integration concept that uses pretreated waste to fire the calciner, replacing one incineration line. The CaL concepts are analyzed for retrofitting a German WtE plant, which treats 200 kt of waste per year. We performed a techno-economic assessment that includes process modeling using the software Aspen Plus. The process simulations were supported using reactor models validated with pilot plant data. The calculated mass and energy balances were used to dimension components and calculate economic indicators, including a sensitivity analysis. We obtained CO<sub>2</sub> avoidance costs (<em>CAC</em>) of ca. 140 €/t<sub>CO2,av</sub> for the tail-end concept, in agreement with previous studies. On the other hand, the integrated concept has <em>CAC</em> of 27 €/t<sub>CO2,av</sub>, including compression but excluding transport and storage, making it competitive with the current price of CO<sub>2</sub> certificates in the European Union. To the best of our knowledge, this is the lowest value reported in the scientific literature for CO<sub>2</sub> capture from waste incineration plants to date.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":334,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control","volume":"149 ","pages":"Article 104558"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145797794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01Epub Date: 2025-12-02DOI: 10.1016/j.ijggc.2025.104531
Benjamin Mitterrutzner , Benjamin K. Sovacool , Brage Rugstad Knudsen , Morgan D. Bazilian , Jinsoo Kim , Simon Roussanaly , Asgeir Tomasgard , Steven Griffiths
This Review examines the role of carbon capture and storage (CCS) in achieving net-zero emissions by 2050, focusing on its scale-up and integration across energy systems and hard-to-abate industries. Its interdisciplinary approach provides a comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art in CCS research, evaluating its potential role in achieving net-zero emissions. It assesses not only technological advancements and characteristics but also the critical costs and energy requirements of various CCS technologies. Based on modelling insights from the International Energy Agency Net Zero Emissions pathway, it highlights the need to scale CCS deployment to 1 Gt CO₂ annually by 2030 to stay on track for climate goals. This review piece underscores the urgency of rapid CCS scale-up this decade, complementing other measures across energy and industry. Furthermore, it assesses the recent advancements in CO₂ capture, transport, and storage technologies, along with their techno-economic characteristics and results in energy system models. The study concludes by identifying key challenges and providing a strategy roadmap for decision-makers for accelerating CCS deployment.
{"title":"Scaling carbon capture and storage (CCS) to gigaton capacity: A multi-dimensional and critical review","authors":"Benjamin Mitterrutzner , Benjamin K. Sovacool , Brage Rugstad Knudsen , Morgan D. Bazilian , Jinsoo Kim , Simon Roussanaly , Asgeir Tomasgard , Steven Griffiths","doi":"10.1016/j.ijggc.2025.104531","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijggc.2025.104531","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This Review examines the role of carbon capture and storage (CCS) in achieving net-zero emissions by 2050, focusing on its scale-up and integration across energy systems and hard-to-abate industries. Its interdisciplinary approach provides a comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art in CCS research, evaluating its potential role in achieving net-zero emissions. It assesses not only technological advancements and characteristics but also the critical costs and energy requirements of various CCS technologies. Based on modelling insights from the International Energy Agency Net Zero Emissions pathway, it highlights the need to scale CCS deployment to 1 Gt CO₂ annually by 2030 to stay on track for climate goals. This review piece underscores the urgency of rapid CCS scale-up this decade, complementing other measures across energy and industry. Furthermore, it assesses the recent advancements in CO₂ capture, transport, and storage technologies, along with their techno-economic characteristics and results in energy system models. The study concludes by identifying key challenges and providing a strategy roadmap for decision-makers for accelerating CCS deployment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":334,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control","volume":"149 ","pages":"Article 104531"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145692598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01Epub Date: 2025-12-05DOI: 10.1016/j.ijggc.2025.104545
Nicholas Utting , Kirk G. Osadetz , Bernhard Mayer , Tiago Morais , Stuart M.V. Gilfillan , Michael Nightingale , Thomas Darrah , Emma Martin-Roberts , Don Lawton
Geological storage of CO2 is anticipated to play a significant role in the management and reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. Monitoring of CO₂ injection facilities is essential to provide reassurance of the containment of the injected CO2. Here, we report results over six years (2018–2023) for a hydrogeological and geochemical (gas compositions, δ13CCH4, δ13CCO2, δ2HCH4 and noble gas concentration and isotopes) monitoring program at a small-scale CO2 injection facility located near Brooks, Alberta, Canada with injection ∼300 m below ground. The results provide a comprehensive record of the subsurface hydrological and geochemical conditions over the six-year period. Injected CO2 was not detected in samples from the injection zone. There was also no indication of injected CO2 in samples collected from surface casing vents of the three ∼300 m deep wells, nor was injected CO2 observed in samples from the six shallow groundwater wells (<105 m deep). Various compositional and isotopic changes have been observed over time which are interpreted to either be indirectly related to CO2 injection or completely unrelated indicating non-CO2 injection related variability in the baseline conditions of the site. Additionally, a progressive reduction in hydraulic head has been observed in some shallow aquifers consistent with drought conditions in the region. Our study implies that complex subsurface changes may occur at CO2 storage sites which may be unrelated to human activity, complicating the monitoring of CO2 injection.
{"title":"Enhanced hydrogeochemical baseline of a CO2 injection facility in southern Alberta, Canada","authors":"Nicholas Utting , Kirk G. Osadetz , Bernhard Mayer , Tiago Morais , Stuart M.V. Gilfillan , Michael Nightingale , Thomas Darrah , Emma Martin-Roberts , Don Lawton","doi":"10.1016/j.ijggc.2025.104545","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijggc.2025.104545","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Geological storage of CO<sub>2</sub> is anticipated to play a significant role in the management and reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. Monitoring of CO₂ injection facilities is essential to provide reassurance of the containment of the injected CO<sub>2</sub>. Here, we report results over six years (2018–2023) for a hydrogeological and geochemical (gas compositions, δ<sup>13</sup>C<sub>CH4,</sub> δ<sup>13</sup>C<sub>CO2,</sub> δ<sup>2</sup>H<sub>CH4</sub> and noble gas concentration and isotopes) monitoring program at a small-scale CO<sub>2</sub> injection facility located near Brooks, Alberta, Canada with injection ∼300 m below ground. The results provide a comprehensive record of the subsurface hydrological and geochemical conditions over the six-year period. Injected CO<sub>2</sub> was not detected in samples from the injection zone. There was also no indication of injected CO<sub>2</sub> in samples collected from surface casing vents of the three ∼300 m deep wells, nor was injected CO<sub>2</sub> observed in samples from the six shallow groundwater wells (<105 m deep). Various compositional and isotopic changes have been observed over time which are interpreted to either be indirectly related to CO<sub>2</sub> injection or completely unrelated indicating non-CO<sub>2</sub> injection related variability in the baseline conditions of the site. Additionally, a progressive reduction in hydraulic head has been observed in some shallow aquifers consistent with drought conditions in the region. Our study implies that complex subsurface changes may occur at CO<sub>2</sub> storage sites which may be unrelated to human activity, complicating the monitoring of CO<sub>2</sub> injection.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":334,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control","volume":"149 ","pages":"Article 104545"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145692599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01Epub Date: 2026-01-05DOI: 10.1016/j.ijggc.2026.104567
Andrzej J. Osiadacz, Maciej Chaczykowski, Łukasz Kotyński, Tomasz Bleschke, Ferdinand E. Uilhoorn
Carbon capture utilization and storage is crucial for reducing emissions from energy sources and industrial clusters with significant CO emissions. To ensure the appropriate sizing of the pipeline transport infrastructure, hydraulic modeling tools are used, which allow engineers to analyze and predict the performance of transmission systems under design conditions and to assess their efficiency and reliability. In this work we solve a single-phase steady-state, nonisothermal flow model with composition tracking that incorporates the GERG-2008 and Peng–Robinson equations of state using efficient Newton loop-node coupling. The solver enables evaluation of the deliverability of the pipeline system under varying CO2 stream compositions. We considered pure CO and CO mixtures containing impurities obtained from pre-combustion and post-combustion carbon capture technologies. We investigated the influence of impurities, pipe inclination, and heat transfer between the CO-rich stream and its surroundings. The network model was solved using the Newton loop-node method coupled with the non-pipe element model in matrix notation. The model was benchmarked against a commercially available hydraulic modeling software package using data from a fictitious but plausible multi-source transmission system. The applicability of the model was demonstrated through a case study of a complex meshed network. The results indicated a good agreement between the software tools, but the proposed model showed a two orders of magnitude smaller computational burden. The model also showed superior insensitivity to the topology of the computed network in terms of computational complexity.
{"title":"Steady-state simulation of large-scale pipeline networks for CCUS applications","authors":"Andrzej J. Osiadacz, Maciej Chaczykowski, Łukasz Kotyński, Tomasz Bleschke, Ferdinand E. Uilhoorn","doi":"10.1016/j.ijggc.2026.104567","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijggc.2026.104567","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Carbon capture utilization and storage is crucial for reducing emissions from energy sources and industrial clusters with significant CO<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> emissions. To ensure the appropriate sizing of the pipeline transport infrastructure, hydraulic modeling tools are used, which allow engineers to analyze and predict the performance of transmission systems under design conditions and to assess their efficiency and reliability. In this work we solve a single-phase steady-state, nonisothermal flow model with composition tracking that incorporates the GERG-2008 and Peng–Robinson equations of state using efficient Newton loop-node coupling. The solver enables evaluation of the deliverability of the pipeline system under varying CO<sub>2</sub> stream compositions. We considered pure CO<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> and CO<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> mixtures containing impurities obtained from pre-combustion and post-combustion carbon capture technologies. We investigated the influence of impurities, pipe inclination, and heat transfer between the CO<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>-rich stream and its surroundings. The network model was solved using the Newton loop-node method coupled with the non-pipe element model in matrix notation. The model was benchmarked against a commercially available hydraulic modeling software package using data from a fictitious but plausible multi-source transmission system. The applicability of the model was demonstrated through a case study of a complex meshed network. The results indicated a good agreement between the software tools, but the proposed model showed a two orders of magnitude smaller computational burden. The model also showed superior insensitivity to the topology of the computed network in terms of computational complexity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":334,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control","volume":"149 ","pages":"Article 104567"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145920742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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