Pub Date : 2024-07-10DOI: 10.56420/kronika.72.2.03
Boris Golec
In 1716, Franc Jožef Vodnik, a burgher son from Krško and a travelling student, who was tried for banditry before the blood court at Šrajbarski Turn Castle near Krško together with his servant, gave descriptions of forty-three other, mostly young criminals with whom he had come into contact mainly in Vienna but also in Lower and Upper Austria. A quarter of them were students (eleven), including three who returned to the right path and became priests. A good quarter of the young men (twelve), including half of the travelling students (six), came from Slovenian territory (one from Styria and the rest from Carniola). Vodnik died of gangrene as a result of an attempted escape by jumping, and three of his accomplices from Carniola were sentenced to death the following year and executed in a group of ten criminals in the Lower Austrian town of Krems an der Donau.
1716 年，弗朗茨-约瑟夫-沃德尼克（Franc Jožef Vodnik）是克什科的一个市镇居民的儿子，也是一名旅行学生，他和他的仆人一起因土匪罪在克什科附近的什拉伊巴尔斯基城堡（Šrajbarski Turn Castle）的血腥法庭受审。其中四分之一是学生（11 人），包括三名改邪归正成为牧师的人。其中四分之一的年轻人（12 人），包括一半的旅行学生（6 人），来自斯洛文尼亚（1 人来自施蒂里亚州，其余来自卡尼奥拉州）。沃德尼克在一次试图跳楼逃跑的行动中死于坏疽，他的三名同伙则在第二年被判处死刑，并在下奥地利多瑙河畔克雷姆斯的十名罪犯中被处决。
{"title":"Gosposki razbojnik Franc Jožef Vodnik (1691–1716) iz Krškega ter njegove domače in mednarodne kriminalne zveze","authors":"Boris Golec","doi":"10.56420/kronika.72.2.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56420/kronika.72.2.03","url":null,"abstract":"In 1716, Franc Jožef Vodnik, a burgher son from Krško and a travelling student, who was tried for banditry before the blood court at Šrajbarski Turn Castle near Krško together with his servant, gave descriptions of forty-three other, mostly young criminals with whom he had come into contact mainly in Vienna but also in Lower and Upper Austria. A quarter of them were students (eleven), including three who returned to the right path and became priests. A good quarter of the young men (twelve), including half of the travelling students (six), came from Slovenian territory (one from Styria and the rest from Carniola). Vodnik died of gangrene as a result of an attempted escape by jumping, and three of his accomplices from Carniola were sentenced to death the following year and executed in a group of ten criminals in the Lower Austrian town of Krems an der Donau.","PeriodicalId":38751,"journal":{"name":"Kronika","volume":"35 47","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141659065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-10DOI: 10.56420/kronika.72.2.01
Jernej Kotar
The paper in two parts constitutes the first attempt at providing a comprehensive and primary source-based discussion of the Apfaltrers’ medieval history. Throughout its nearly seven centuries-long existence, the family had an important bearing on the destiny of Slovenian territory and left an indelible mark on it. It had the closest affiliation with the former province of Carniola, whence it also spread to Styria very early on. Its modest beginnings in the ranks of the Spanheims’ ministerial nobility were followed by a gradual social ascendancy, which, from the fifteenth century onwards, enabled the Apfaltrers to form part of the Carniolan noble elite. In spite of not attaining the highest offices in the provincial princely administration during the Middle Ages, members of the family played an important role at local level. Even though the family’s genealogical composition is not entirely clear, it is possible to recognize the existence of two main lines at least from the mid-fourteenth century onwards. The first part of the paper deals with the beginnings of the family and the Roje family line.
{"title":"Rodbina Apfaltrer v srednjem veku Začetki rodu in vzpon rojske linije","authors":"Jernej Kotar","doi":"10.56420/kronika.72.2.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56420/kronika.72.2.01","url":null,"abstract":"The paper in two parts constitutes the first attempt at providing a comprehensive and primary source-based discussion of the Apfaltrers’ medieval history. Throughout its nearly seven centuries-long existence, the family had an important bearing on the destiny of Slovenian territory and left an indelible mark on it. It had the closest affiliation with the former province of Carniola, whence it also spread to Styria very early on. Its modest beginnings in the ranks of the Spanheims’ ministerial nobility were followed by a gradual social ascendancy, which, from the fifteenth century onwards, enabled the Apfaltrers to form part of the Carniolan noble elite. In spite of not attaining the highest offices in the provincial princely administration during the Middle Ages, members of the family played an important role at local level. Even though the family’s genealogical composition is not entirely clear, it is possible to recognize the existence of two main lines at least from the mid-fourteenth century onwards. The first part of the paper deals with the beginnings of the family and the Roje family line.","PeriodicalId":38751,"journal":{"name":"Kronika","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141660693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-05DOI: 10.56420/kronika.72.1.09
Bor Zavrl, Ines Osvald
2023 marked the 100th anniversary of formal nursing education in Slovenia. In 1923, the School of Nursing was established under the Institute for the Social and Hygiene Protection of Children in Ljubljana, laying the foundation of continuous education to the forerunners of modern nurses. As one of the four nursing schools in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, provided professional education to workers in the then nursing care. The paper presents the first school of nursing in Slovenia and its successors and follows the development of these schools or, rather, education programmes.
{"title":"Sto let formalnega izobraževanja medicinskih sester v Sloveniji (1923–2023) Prva sestrska šola in njene naslednice","authors":"Bor Zavrl, Ines Osvald","doi":"10.56420/kronika.72.1.09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56420/kronika.72.1.09","url":null,"abstract":"2023 marked the 100th anniversary of formal nursing education in Slovenia. In 1923, the School of Nursing was established under the Institute for the Social and Hygiene Protection of Children in Ljubljana, laying the foundation of continuous education to the forerunners of modern nurses. As one of the four nursing schools in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, provided professional education to workers in the then nursing care. The paper presents the first school of nursing in Slovenia and its successors and follows the development of these schools or, rather, education programmes.","PeriodicalId":38751,"journal":{"name":"Kronika","volume":"11 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140265199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-05DOI: 10.56420/kronika.72.1.02
Boris Golec
The paper discusses the events of the epidemic years 1724 and 1725 in White Carniola, the southeasternmost region of the Duchy of Carniola and present-day Slovenia. By establishing a system of border military guards against the neighbouring Croatia, this region, and with it Carniola, in 1724 successfully warded off the plague that had appeared in northwestern Bosnia in the Ottoman Empire. The guards were more effective being supplied by the regular imperial army. At the end of that year and the beginning of the following one, several infectious diseases affected the population of White Carniola simultaneously, causing high mortality. A comprehensive medical report on the spread, prevention, and treatment of the diseases has been preserved, the earliest of its kind known to us. It is a first-class source on the health and hygienic conditions in the region that is also revealing from the cultural and historical points of view.
{"title":"Bela krajina v epidemičnih letih 1724 in 1725","authors":"Boris Golec","doi":"10.56420/kronika.72.1.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56420/kronika.72.1.02","url":null,"abstract":"The paper discusses the events of the epidemic years 1724 and 1725 in White Carniola, the southeasternmost region of the Duchy of Carniola and present-day Slovenia. By establishing a system of border military guards against the neighbouring Croatia, this region, and with it Carniola, in 1724 successfully warded off the plague that had appeared in northwestern Bosnia in the Ottoman Empire. The guards were more effective being supplied by the regular imperial army. At the end of that year and the beginning of the following one, several infectious diseases affected the population of White Carniola simultaneously, causing high mortality. A comprehensive medical report on the spread, prevention, and treatment of the diseases has been preserved, the earliest of its kind known to us. It is a first-class source on the health and hygienic conditions in the region that is also revealing from the cultural and historical points of view.","PeriodicalId":38751,"journal":{"name":"Kronika","volume":"126 30","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140078805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-05DOI: 10.56420/kronika.72.1.11
Tomaž Lazar
The study of historical arms and armour has no firmly established tradition in Slovenian scholarship. This may be attributed to various factors – on the one hand, the widely entrenched notions of Slovenia’s past reduced to a mythologised nation of peace-loving country folk, and on the other hand, the lack of representative arms and armour collections belonging to noble elites, such as may be found in the neighbouring political centres. A rather unreflective approach to military historical heritage could be observed during the formative period of the Carniolan Provincial Museum in Ljubljana, the precursor to the later National Museum, where this particular field remained largely uncharted until the end of World War II. Ljubljana’s museum experts ultimately recognised the true value of their arms and armour collection only towards the end of the 1950s, to a considerable extent or even mainly thanks to the interest of outside observers and foreign connoisseurs like the Viennese curator Dr Bruno Thomas. Within the National Museum, this shift finally stimulated the creation of a curatorial post devoted to arms and armour. Its tasks were entrusted to Ferdinand Tancik, Slovenia’s first specialist in the military heritage of the premodern era and, despite his brief career, a surprisingly influential local pioneer in arms and armour studies.
{"title":"Early studies of the arms and armour collection in the National Museum of Slovenia","authors":"Tomaž Lazar","doi":"10.56420/kronika.72.1.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56420/kronika.72.1.11","url":null,"abstract":"The study of historical arms and armour has no firmly established tradition in Slovenian scholarship. This may be attributed to various factors – on the one hand, the widely entrenched notions of Slovenia’s past reduced to a mythologised nation of peace-loving country folk, and on the other hand, the lack of representative arms and armour collections belonging to noble elites, such as may be found in the neighbouring political centres. A rather unreflective approach to military historical heritage could be observed during the formative period of the Carniolan Provincial Museum in Ljubljana, the precursor to the later National Museum, where this particular field remained largely uncharted until the end of World War II. Ljubljana’s museum experts ultimately recognised the true value of their arms and armour collection only towards the end of the 1950s, to a considerable extent or even mainly thanks to the interest of outside observers and foreign connoisseurs like the Viennese curator Dr Bruno Thomas. Within the National Museum, this shift finally stimulated the creation of a curatorial post devoted to arms and armour. Its tasks were entrusted to Ferdinand Tancik, Slovenia’s first specialist in the military heritage of the premodern era and, despite his brief career, a surprisingly influential local pioneer in arms and armour studies.","PeriodicalId":38751,"journal":{"name":"Kronika","volume":"34 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140264487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-05DOI: 10.56420/kronika.72.1.08
Uroš Košir, Tamara Leskovar
The contribution addresses the archaeological investigation of an unmarked prisoner of war’s grave from the First World War, discovered in the Mala Pišnica Valley, thus confirming oral testimonies about its existence. Based on testimonies and other sources, the location of the grave was identified, and the research results illustrate a significant integration of various types of sources and the crucial role of archaeology and physical anthropology in dealing with human remains from the First World War. The information acquired complements the knowledge about the victims of the First World War in the Vršič area, while simultaneously raising new questions about the potential existence of similar unmarked graves in the area between Kranjska Gora and Trenta.
{"title":"Arheološka raziskava groba vojnega ujetnika iz doline Male Pišnice","authors":"Uroš Košir, Tamara Leskovar","doi":"10.56420/kronika.72.1.08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56420/kronika.72.1.08","url":null,"abstract":"The contribution addresses the archaeological investigation of an unmarked prisoner of war’s grave from the First World War, discovered in the Mala Pišnica Valley, thus confirming oral testimonies about its existence. Based on testimonies and other sources, the location of the grave was identified, and the research results illustrate a significant integration of various types of sources and the crucial role of archaeology and physical anthropology in dealing with human remains from the First World War. The information acquired complements the knowledge about the victims of the First World War in the Vršič area, while simultaneously raising new questions about the potential existence of similar unmarked graves in the area between Kranjska Gora and Trenta.","PeriodicalId":38751,"journal":{"name":"Kronika","volume":"110 17","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140079451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-05DOI: 10.56420/kronika.72.1.03
Mitja Lojen
The answers that Alois Pürkher, the administrator and district commissioner of the Reichenburg estate, gave in 1821 to Archduke Johann’s survey paint a picture of life in the conscription district of Podsreda in the early nineteenth century. The portrayal highlights the district’s strong reliance on agrarian economy, the lack of infrastructure, industry, and crafts as well as the modest beginnings of establishing the state apparatus. The paper underscores the impact of the state apparatus, particularly by imposing levies on the subjects also through seizure of property.
{"title":"Življenje v nabornem okraju Podsreda v letu 1821","authors":"Mitja Lojen","doi":"10.56420/kronika.72.1.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56420/kronika.72.1.03","url":null,"abstract":"The answers that Alois Pürkher, the administrator and district commissioner of the Reichenburg estate, gave in 1821 to Archduke Johann’s survey paint a picture of life in the conscription district of Podsreda in the early nineteenth century. The portrayal highlights the district’s strong reliance on agrarian economy, the lack of infrastructure, industry, and crafts as well as the modest beginnings of establishing the state apparatus. The paper underscores the impact of the state apparatus, particularly by imposing levies on the subjects also through seizure of property.","PeriodicalId":38751,"journal":{"name":"Kronika","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140265255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-05DOI: 10.56420/kronika.72.1.10
Jelka Piškurić
The Correctional Facility Ljubljana was established in 1946 and primarily intended for serving sentences of deprivation of liberty with forced labour. It was housed in the former judicial prison building on Miklošičeva Street. The institution also had several external work sites where the convicts were sent to perform forced labour. The number of convicts grew rapidly in the post-war years. Manual labour was seen as one of the primary means of their re-education, whereby convicts were exploited as cheap labour in post-war economic recovery projects. The paper also focuses on the organization of the Correctional Facility Ljubljana, the living conditions of convicts, and other forms of re-education work. The institution was abolished in 1954, and the convicts were transferred to other penal institutions.
{"title":"Correctional Facility Ljubljana, 1946–1954","authors":"Jelka Piškurić","doi":"10.56420/kronika.72.1.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56420/kronika.72.1.10","url":null,"abstract":"The Correctional Facility Ljubljana was established in 1946 and primarily intended for serving sentences of deprivation of liberty with forced labour. It was housed in the former judicial prison building on Miklošičeva Street. The institution also had several external work sites where the convicts were sent to perform forced labour. The number of convicts grew rapidly in the post-war years. Manual labour was seen as one of the primary means of their re-education, whereby convicts were exploited as cheap labour in post-war economic recovery projects. The paper also focuses on the organization of the Correctional Facility Ljubljana, the living conditions of convicts, and other forms of re-education work. The institution was abolished in 1954, and the convicts were transferred to other penal institutions.","PeriodicalId":38751,"journal":{"name":"Kronika","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140263675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-05DOI: 10.56420/kronika.72.1.01
J. Dular
The paper deals with roads and trails that used to lead to Bela Krajina and Žumberak across the Gorjanci Ridge. Seven main routes have been identified that were sometimes more and sometimes less frequented, depending on the time and political circumstances. In all periods, however, the most important link between the regions of Dolenjska and Bela Krajina was the communication through the Vahta Pass, which gradually changed from a prehistoric path to a road. It was only in the 1880s that it underwent a thorough reconstruction, during which the most dangerous gradients were smoothed out with a series of hairpin bends.
{"title":"Gorjanci Roads and Paths through Time","authors":"J. Dular","doi":"10.56420/kronika.72.1.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56420/kronika.72.1.01","url":null,"abstract":"The paper deals with roads and trails that used to lead to Bela Krajina and Žumberak across the Gorjanci Ridge. Seven main routes have been identified that were sometimes more and sometimes less frequented, depending on the time and political circumstances. In all periods, however, the most important link between the regions of Dolenjska and Bela Krajina was the communication through the Vahta Pass, which gradually changed from a prehistoric path to a road. It was only in the 1880s that it underwent a thorough reconstruction, during which the most dangerous gradients were smoothed out with a series of hairpin bends.","PeriodicalId":38751,"journal":{"name":"Kronika","volume":"17 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140264225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-26DOI: 10.56420/kronika.71.3.11
Emilija Kastelic
Ilirska Bistrica and its surroundings are important witnesses to the historical developments during the interwar period, with their architecture representing one of the most important yet also the least researched areas. The article therefore aims to fill this gap by briefly presenting a few of the most notable buildings constructed after the First World War. The selected buildings were subject to a short stylistic analysis and classified as one of the architectural styles of the period under discussion. The analysis confirms the significance of the Ilirska Bistrica area for Slovenia’s historical-architectural milieu and presents possibilities for further research.
{"title":"Architecture of the Municipality of Ilirska Bistrica and its surrounding area during the fascist period","authors":"Emilija Kastelic","doi":"10.56420/kronika.71.3.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56420/kronika.71.3.11","url":null,"abstract":"Ilirska Bistrica and its surroundings are important witnesses to the historical developments during the interwar period, with their architecture representing one of the most important yet also the least researched areas. The article therefore aims to fill this gap by briefly presenting a few of the most notable buildings constructed after the First World War. The selected buildings were subject to a short stylistic analysis and classified as one of the architectural styles of the period under discussion. The analysis confirms the significance of the Ilirska Bistrica area for Slovenia’s historical-architectural milieu and presents possibilities for further research.","PeriodicalId":38751,"journal":{"name":"Kronika","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139235927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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