Purpose: Dairy farming has been part of agriculture for thousands of years since the early days of man when he decided to start domesticating animals. This paper aims to determine the extent to which dairy animal nutrition and animal health influences the level of milk production. The aim of the study is also to determine the role played by animal hygiene in improving and sustaining milk production as well as the extent to which observance of animal welfare influences the performance of the cattle in terms of mil production. Methodology: This paper adopted a desk study review methodology where relevant empirical literature was reviewed to identify main the themes. Findings: The study deduced that animal nutrition to a very great extent influence milk production. The study found out that preserving water supplies and feeds from contamination and feeding animals on good quality feeds influenced milk production to a very great extent. Adopting appropriate farm management practices such as milking hygiene, environmental sanitation, and regular veterinary care (e.g., periodic check-ups, prompt treatment of illness) of cows helps to assure the well-being of dairy cows and reduce their risk of infections such as clinical mastitis. It is important to ensure good milking techniques since incorrect techniques can result in a higher mastitis risk and injury to the cow which translates to lower level of milk production or even contamination of milk. Recommendations: Creating awareness on the dairy farming practices, changing behavior and being equipped in the necessary skills on dairy farming practices would improve the level of milk production.
{"title":"INFLUENCE OF DAIRY FARMING PRACTICES ON MILK PRODUCTION. A CRITICAL LITERATURE REVIEW","authors":"K. Monica","doi":"10.47941/ahj.771","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47941/ahj.771","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: Dairy farming has been part of agriculture for thousands of years since the early days of man when he decided to start domesticating animals. This paper aims to determine the extent to which dairy animal nutrition and animal health influences the level of milk production. The aim of the study is also to determine the role played by animal hygiene in improving and sustaining milk production as well as the extent to which observance of animal welfare influences the performance of the cattle in terms of mil production. \u0000Methodology: This paper adopted a desk study review methodology where relevant empirical literature was reviewed to identify main the themes. \u0000Findings: The study deduced that animal nutrition to a very great extent influence milk production. The study found out that preserving water supplies and feeds from contamination and feeding animals on good quality feeds influenced milk production to a very great extent. Adopting appropriate farm management practices such as milking hygiene, environmental sanitation, and regular veterinary care (e.g., periodic check-ups, prompt treatment of illness) of cows helps to assure the well-being of dairy cows and reduce their risk of infections such as clinical mastitis. It is important to ensure good milking techniques since incorrect techniques can result in a higher mastitis risk and injury to the cow which translates to lower level of milk production or even contamination of milk. \u0000Recommendations: Creating awareness on the dairy farming practices, changing behavior and being equipped in the necessary skills on dairy farming practices would improve the level of milk production.","PeriodicalId":439098,"journal":{"name":"Animal Health Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130894878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Purpose: Poultry plays a key role in the lives of the poor rural population in developing countries. Poultry production is constrained especially among small scale farmers due to Newcastle Disease. This study aimed to investigate the underlying climatic variables and other factors that contributed to the seasonal outbreak and spread of ND. It also examined the socio-economic impacts of ND to the small scale poultry farmers and various strategies that had been put in place to manage this disease. Methodology: The paper used a desk study review methodology where relevant empirical literature was reviewed to identify main themes and to extract knowledge gaps Conclusion: The research concludes that there is a relationship between climate variables and ND. Poultry farmers got many benefits from keeping of free range indigenous chicken. These included income, food (eggs and meat) and also source of self-employment. From the study, it was found out that farmers use different methods to control the disease. These include use of traditional herbs such as grounded garlic mixed with water; grounded aloe mixed water, fresh milk and grounded mangoes. Recommendations: The government should employ more extension officers and decentralize veterinary offices to the sub-location levels so as to bring services to the farmer. This will enable farmers to get technical assistance without travelling long distances. Establish quarantine system to curb the spread of the disease and also establish a slaughter house to allow inspection. This will ensure that only healthy chicken are sold to consumers among others.
{"title":"EFFECTS OF CLIMATIC VARIATIONS ON THE SPREAD AND OUTBREAK OF NEWCASTLE DISEASE. A CRITICAL LITERATURE REVIEW","authors":"M. Abdul","doi":"10.47941/ahj.770","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47941/ahj.770","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: Poultry plays a key role in the lives of the poor rural population in developing countries. Poultry production is constrained especially among small scale farmers due to Newcastle Disease. This study aimed to investigate the underlying climatic variables and other factors that contributed to the seasonal outbreak and spread of ND. It also examined the socio-economic impacts of ND to the small scale poultry farmers and various strategies that had been put in place to manage this disease. \u0000Methodology: The paper used a desk study review methodology where relevant empirical literature was reviewed to identify main themes and to extract knowledge gaps \u0000Conclusion: The research concludes that there is a relationship between climate variables and ND. Poultry farmers got many benefits from keeping of free range indigenous chicken. These included income, food (eggs and meat) and also source of self-employment. From the study, it was found out that farmers use different methods to control the disease. These include use of traditional herbs such as grounded garlic mixed with water; grounded aloe mixed water, fresh milk and grounded mangoes. \u0000Recommendations: The government should employ more extension officers and decentralize veterinary offices to the sub-location levels so as to bring services to the farmer. This will enable farmers to get technical assistance without travelling long distances. Establish quarantine system to curb the spread of the disease and also establish a slaughter house to allow inspection. This will ensure that only healthy chicken are sold to consumers among others. \u0000 ","PeriodicalId":439098,"journal":{"name":"Animal Health Journal","volume":"267 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116538412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Purpose: This paper aims at generating resourceful information for stakeholders, that is, the department of livestock and Non- Governmental Organizations to implement policies which will promote quail farming as a viable source of protein and income. Methodology: The paper used a desk study review methodology where relevant empirical literature was reviewed to identify main themes and to extract knowledge gaps. Findings: there is a need to promote development of quail farming and to factor in the special needs of women when government policies on social activities are being crafted in order to realize the full potential of women contribution in the quail farming. The development of quail farming can be affected by poor market accessibility of quail and its products. The existence of unreliable quail market, lack of market information and lack of organized marketing associations is also a great hindrance to the development quail farming. Recommendations: The study recommended that more government policies on poultry farming should be developed in order to overcome the numerous challenges faced by women such as poor access to services and information and lack of collateral security and that, the government should promote the formation of marketing associations in order to assist quail farmers to get market for their products.
{"title":"Factors influencing Quail Farming: A critical literature review","authors":"M. Kinyua","doi":"10.47941/ahj.774","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47941/ahj.774","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: This paper aims at generating resourceful information for stakeholders, that is, the department of livestock and Non- Governmental Organizations to implement policies which will promote quail farming as a viable source of protein and income. \u0000Methodology: The paper used a desk study review methodology where relevant empirical literature was reviewed to identify main themes and to extract knowledge gaps. \u0000Findings: there is a need to promote development of quail farming and to factor in the special needs of women when government policies on social activities are being crafted in order to realize the full potential of women contribution in the quail farming. The development of quail farming can be affected by poor market accessibility of quail and its products. The existence of unreliable quail market, lack of market information and lack of organized marketing associations is also a great hindrance to the development quail farming. \u0000Recommendations: The study recommended that more government policies on poultry farming should be developed in order to overcome the numerous challenges faced by women such as poor access to services and information and lack of collateral security and that, the government should promote the formation of marketing associations in order to assist quail farmers to get market for their products.","PeriodicalId":439098,"journal":{"name":"Animal Health Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129675508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Purpose: Global climate change is a major threat facing humanity. The livestock production sector as a livelihood option is one key sector which will bore the brunt of these changes in climatic conditions. This paper aims to identify the impact of climate change and variability on livestock production among pastoral communities and the coping mechanisms adopted. Methodology: This paper adopted a desk study review methodology where relevant empirical literature was reviewed to identify main the themes. Findings: The changes in these parameters (reducing rainfall and increasing temperature) have conspired to have negatively impacted on pasture quality and availability thus reducing livestock production in the area. Some of the coping mechanisms employed include seeking food relief, buying food on credit payable after droughts and selling herds, diversification of livestock species, increased mobility of livestock herd, seeking casual employment around the trading centers and engaging in petty trade. Recommendations: Creating awareness on the changing parameters of weather is necessary in providing the communities with relevant information to prepare and develop sustainable coping mechanisms.
{"title":"The impact of climate change and variability on livestock production in pastoral communities and the sustainable coping mechanisms employed: A critical literature review","authors":"Yvonne Moegi","doi":"10.47941/ahj.773","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47941/ahj.773","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: Global climate change is a major threat facing humanity. The livestock production sector as a livelihood option is one key sector which will bore the brunt of these changes in climatic conditions. This paper aims to identify the impact of climate change and variability on livestock production among pastoral communities and the coping mechanisms adopted. \u0000Methodology: This paper adopted a desk study review methodology where relevant empirical literature was reviewed to identify main the themes. \u0000Findings: The changes in these parameters (reducing rainfall and increasing temperature) have conspired to have negatively impacted on pasture quality and availability thus reducing livestock production in the area. Some of the coping mechanisms employed include seeking food relief, buying food on credit payable after droughts and selling herds, diversification of livestock species, increased mobility of livestock herd, seeking casual employment around the trading centers and engaging in petty trade. \u0000Recommendations: Creating awareness on the changing parameters of weather is necessary in providing the communities with relevant information to prepare and develop sustainable coping mechanisms.","PeriodicalId":439098,"journal":{"name":"Animal Health Journal","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134055510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Purpose: Brucellosis is an infectious disease primarily of domestic and wild animals caused by bacteria of the genus Brucella. It is transmissible to humans through direct contact with infected animal products. This paper aims to determine the prevalence and the risk factors associated with Brucellosis. Methodology: The paper used a desk study review methodology where relevant empirical literature was reviewed to identify main themes Findings: The study concludes that factors such as methods of food preparation and consumption of milk, pasteurization of dairy products, and direct contact with infected animals, lack of awareness and sensitization increase the risk of Brucellosis in communities. Recommendations: Creating awareness and promoting sensitization programs run in the community is necessary so as to impact knowledge on the methods of transmission, identification of the infection, prevention and types of treatment. This will eventually report decreased cases of Brucellosis in animals and humans.
{"title":"Prevalence and risk factors associated with Brucellosis A critical literature review","authors":"Shavlyn Mosiara","doi":"10.47941/ahj.772","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47941/ahj.772","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: Brucellosis is an infectious disease primarily of domestic and wild animals caused by bacteria of the genus Brucella. It is transmissible to humans through direct contact with infected animal products. This paper aims to determine the prevalence and the risk factors associated with Brucellosis. \u0000Methodology: The paper used a desk study review methodology where relevant empirical literature was reviewed to identify main themes \u0000Findings: The study concludes that factors such as methods of food preparation and consumption of milk, pasteurization of dairy products, and direct contact with infected animals, lack of awareness and sensitization increase the risk of Brucellosis in communities. \u0000Recommendations: Creating awareness and promoting sensitization programs run in the community is necessary so as to impact knowledge on the methods of transmission, identification of the infection, prevention and types of treatment. This will eventually report decreased cases of Brucellosis in animals and humans. \u0000 ","PeriodicalId":439098,"journal":{"name":"Animal Health Journal","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124864306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Purpose: The work evaluated the nutritive value of dried rumen digesta (DRD) from cattle (CRD), sheep (SRD) and goat (GRD) in Bolgatanga Abattoir, Ghana.Methodology: Rumen digesta (RD) was collected from twenty-seven (27)) animals, nine each from cattle, sheep and goat at the Bolgatanga Municipal Abattoir and sundried for 4 days. Proximate analysis, cell wall component and metabolizable energy were estimated after which the data was subjected to analysis of variance for statistical difference at 0.05% level.Findings: Result obtained showed significant differences (P< 0.05) in proximate compositions. Goat Rumen Digesta (GRD) had highest organic matter (90.81%), Crude protein (12.17%) and metabolizable energy (ME) (374.24 Kca/100g) compared to the other experimental digesta from cattle. The Neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF) and cellulose were not significantly different across the rumen digesta obtained from the species of animals.Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: The values for organic matter and crude compositions obtained from the Sun-dried rumen digesta from cattle, sheep and goat indicated the ability of rumen digesta to provide the nutrients particularly protein required by animals for normal physiological activities. Farmers can process the digesta and include it in livestock feeds.
{"title":"Nutritional Value of Dried Rumen Digesta from Cattle, Sheep and Goat: A case of Bolgatanga Abattoir, Ghana","authors":"H. M. Agolisi, A. Abonuusum, A. Jacob","doi":"10.47941/AHJ.445","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47941/AHJ.445","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: The work evaluated the nutritive value of dried rumen digesta (DRD) from cattle (CRD), sheep (SRD) and goat (GRD) in Bolgatanga Abattoir, Ghana.Methodology: Rumen digesta (RD) was collected from twenty-seven (27)) animals, nine each from cattle, sheep and goat at the Bolgatanga Municipal Abattoir and sundried for 4 days. Proximate analysis, cell wall component and metabolizable energy were estimated after which the data was subjected to analysis of variance for statistical difference at 0.05% level.Findings: Result obtained showed significant differences (P< 0.05) in proximate compositions. Goat Rumen Digesta (GRD) had highest organic matter (90.81%), Crude protein (12.17%) and metabolizable energy (ME) (374.24 Kca/100g) compared to the other experimental digesta from cattle. The Neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF) and cellulose were not significantly different across the rumen digesta obtained from the species of animals.Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: The values for organic matter and crude compositions obtained from the Sun-dried rumen digesta from cattle, sheep and goat indicated the ability of rumen digesta to provide the nutrients particularly protein required by animals for normal physiological activities. Farmers can process the digesta and include it in livestock feeds.","PeriodicalId":439098,"journal":{"name":"Animal Health Journal","volume":"3 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120898743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The work evaluated blood and histological indices of broiler birds fed diets containing mango, watermelon and parkia seeds fermented using Lactobacillus plantarum. The experiment was carried out under the supervision of Microbiology department of Kaduna State University with the 4 set of diet containing; no fruits seed inclusion (T1) mango inclusion (T2) watermelon inclusion (T3) and parkia inclusion (T4). 96 birds were used for the experiment which was laid in Randomized Block Design (RBD) having 3 replicates with 12 birds per replicate and fed for 6 weeks after which blood sample was taken for analysis and birds slaughtered for internal organs evaluation. Result obtained showed blood parameter of broiler birds fed diet T3 had highest levels of PVC (78.3%), and Haemoglobin (26%) with impressive Lymphocytes (189%), Platelets (162.6 × 109/l) & Heterophil (13.66%) compared to birds fed the other experimental diets and also the internal organs such as lungs, heart, intestine, spleen, gizzard & kidney of the bird fed T3 diet were all Normal compared to birds fed the others diet. It is therefore concluded that the use of Lactobacillus plantarum in fermentation of watermelon lowered anti nutritional factors and gave broiler birds overall good health. It is therefore recommended that further research be carried out to ascertain the appropriate inclusion level of watermelon seeds that would give the best result.
{"title":"EVALUATION OF BLOOD AND HISTOLOGICAL INDICES OF BROILER BIRDS FED DIET CONTAINING MANGO KERNEL, WATERMELON AND PARKIA SEEDS FERMENTED USING LACTOBACILLUS PLANTARUM","authors":"A. Haruna, Lawrence Gandepuun","doi":"10.47941/AHJ.384","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47941/AHJ.384","url":null,"abstract":"The work evaluated blood and histological indices of broiler birds fed diets containing mango, watermelon and parkia seeds fermented using Lactobacillus plantarum. The experiment was carried out under the supervision of Microbiology department of Kaduna State University with the 4 set of diet containing; no fruits seed inclusion (T1) mango inclusion (T2) watermelon inclusion (T3) and parkia inclusion (T4). 96 birds were used for the experiment which was laid in Randomized Block Design (RBD) having 3 replicates with 12 birds per replicate and fed for 6 weeks after which blood sample was taken for analysis and birds slaughtered for internal organs evaluation. Result obtained showed blood parameter of broiler birds fed diet T3 had highest levels of PVC (78.3%), and Haemoglobin (26%) with impressive Lymphocytes (189%), Platelets (162.6 × 109/l) & Heterophil (13.66%) compared to birds fed the other experimental diets and also the internal organs such as lungs, heart, intestine, spleen, gizzard & kidney of the bird fed T3 diet were all Normal compared to birds fed the others diet. It is therefore concluded that the use of Lactobacillus plantarum in fermentation of watermelon lowered anti nutritional factors and gave broiler birds overall good health. It is therefore recommended that further research be carried out to ascertain the appropriate inclusion level of watermelon seeds that would give the best result.","PeriodicalId":439098,"journal":{"name":"Animal Health Journal","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132861746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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