Gallium oxide, characterized by its ultra-broad bandwidth, high electron drift velocity, and excellent thermal stability, demonstrates significant potential for solar-blind ultraviolet photodetectors (SBUV-PDs) that can be applied in both military and civilian contexts, such as missile warning, fire detection, and secure communications. However, the conventional metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM) structure of photodetectors results in suboptimal responsivity due to reflection and absorption at the metal-semiconductor interfaces, as well as the inability of the semiconductor to effectively optimize light absorption. In this work, we propose a periodic nanopore design in Ga2O3 thin films, which capitalizes the coupling between incident light and the electronic oscillations on the Ga2O3 surface, thereby increasing the effective absorption area as well as inducing optical interference within the structure. Compared to the structure without surface modifications, the photodark current ratio (PDCR) increases by an order of magnitude, from 2.39 × 107 to 4.26 × 108, and the responsivity is enhanced by a factor of 5.87, rising from 0.55 to 3.23 A/W. This study is expected to offer a reliable strategy for the fabrication of high-performance SBUV-PDs.
{"title":"Nanoporous Design for Enhancing Full-Band Solar-Blind Absorption in Ga2O3 Photodetectors","authors":"Xieyu Lin;Jialong Li;Dan Yang;Linghua Wang;Haizhong Zhang;Xiaoqiang Lu;Minmin Zhu","doi":"10.1109/TNANO.2026.3703229","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNANO.2026.3703229","url":null,"abstract":"Gallium oxide, characterized by its ultra-broad bandwidth, high electron drift velocity, and excellent thermal stability, demonstrates significant potential for solar-blind ultraviolet photodetectors (SBUV-PDs) that can be applied in both military and civilian contexts, such as missile warning, fire detection, and secure communications. However, the conventional metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM) structure of photodetectors results in suboptimal responsivity due to reflection and absorption at the metal-semiconductor interfaces, as well as the inability of the semiconductor to effectively optimize light absorption. In this work, we propose a periodic nanopore design in Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> thin films, which capitalizes the coupling between incident light and the electronic oscillations on the Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> surface, thereby increasing the effective absorption area as well as inducing optical interference within the structure. Compared to the structure without surface modifications, the photodark current ratio (PDCR) increases by an order of magnitude, from 2.39 × 10<sup>7</sup> to 4.26 × 10<sup>8</sup>, and the responsivity is enhanced by a factor of 5.87, rising from 0.55 to 3.23 A/W. This study is expected to offer a reliable strategy for the fabrication of high-performance SBUV-PDs.","PeriodicalId":449,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Nanotechnology","volume":"25 ","pages":"216-222"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148442199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) are still hindered by challenges such as limited light-harvesting efficiency. This study proposes a modification strategy for DSSC photoanodes by incorporating ZnS-Co3O4 composite into TiO2 nanofibers. Two structural approaches are investigated: the integration of nanofibers into the doctor-blade layer or as an additional nanofiber layer in photoanodes. The influence of these configurations on light-harvesting performance is systematically evaluated. The results indicate that the DSSC incorporated by the nanofibers into the doctor-blade layer in photoanode can enhance light harvesting, and the resulting decrease in dye adsorption limits the increase in power conversion efficiency (PCE), which is approximately 27% higher than that of the DSSC without the modification of the nanofibers. In contrast, the DSSC with the photoanode modified by an additional nanofiber layer can significantly improve light-scattering performance without compromise of the surface area, which is available for dye anchoring, and the DSSC with the modification of additional nanofiber layer can enhance the PCE up to 6.67%, which is 51% higher than that of the DSSC without the modification of the nanofibers.
{"title":"Engineering ZnS–Co3O4/TiO2 Nanofibers Into Photoanodes as a Mesoporous Charge Transport Layer in Dye Sensitized Solar Cells","authors":"Yu-Hsun Nien;Jhih-Wei Zeng;Jung-Chuan Chou;Chih-Hsien Lai;Po-Hui Yang;Po-Yu Kuo;Wen-Hao Chen;Mao-Yang Lee;You-Cin Liou","doi":"10.1109/TNANO.2026.3728599","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNANO.2026.3728599","url":null,"abstract":"Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) are still hindered by challenges such as limited light-harvesting efficiency. This study proposes a modification strategy for DSSC photoanodes by incorporating ZnS-Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> composite into TiO<sub>2</sub> nanofibers. Two structural approaches are investigated: the integration of nanofibers into the doctor-blade layer or as an additional nanofiber layer in photoanodes. The influence of these configurations on light-harvesting performance is systematically evaluated. The results indicate that the DSSC incorporated by the nanofibers into the doctor-blade layer in photoanode can enhance light harvesting, and the resulting decrease in dye adsorption limits the increase in power conversion efficiency (PCE), which is approximately 27% higher than that of the DSSC without the modification of the nanofibers. In contrast, the DSSC with the photoanode modified by an additional nanofiber layer can significantly improve light-scattering performance without compromise of the surface area, which is available for dye anchoring, and the DSSC with the modification of additional nanofiber layer can enhance the PCE up to 6.67%, which is 51% higher than that of the DSSC without the modification of the nanofibers.","PeriodicalId":449,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Nanotechnology","volume":"25 ","pages":"320-329"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148925337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01Epub Date: 2026-04-28DOI: 10.1109/TNANO.2026.3688401
Kamal Solanki;Upendra Kumar Agrawal;Vivek Raghuwanshi;P. P. Paltani;Manoj Kumar Majumder
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a core molecule of the atmosphere and a contributor to the numerous biological and environmental processes. However, the rapid rise in its concentration, driven primarily by the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation, has strengthened the push for accurate mitigation techniques. In response to this challenge, the study aims to investigate the potential of armchair graphene nanoribbons (ArGNR) as an advanced sensing material for CO2 monitoring. A detailed computational model is performed using the linear combination of atomic orbitals (LCAO) framework to examine the adsorption and bandgap (EG) responses of the ArGNR to CO2 molecules. The results demonstrate that the pristine ArGNR exhibits a weak interaction with CO2, indicating physisorption. Conversely, the targeted reactive dopants, boron phosphorus (BP) and boron arsenic (BAs), significantly enhance the sensing performance. In particular, the BP- and BAs-codoped ArGNR exhibit 5.9-11.45 times stronger chemisorption energies than the pristine ArGNR. Moreover, the B site of the BAs co-doping induces a notable 19% reduction in the EG, implying substantial charge transport (−0.29e), stronger electronic interaction, and enhanced CO2 adsorption. Furthermore, the density of states (DOS) analysis confirms that the BAs-codoped ArGNR exhibits stronger electronic-state modulation upon CO2 exposure than the BP-doped ArGNR.
{"title":"Atomic Scale Investigations of CO2 Interactions With Armchair Graphene Nanoribbon","authors":"Kamal Solanki;Upendra Kumar Agrawal;Vivek Raghuwanshi;P. P. Paltani;Manoj Kumar Majumder","doi":"10.1109/TNANO.2026.3688401","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNANO.2026.3688401","url":null,"abstract":"Carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) is a core molecule of the atmosphere and a contributor to the numerous biological and environmental processes. However, the rapid rise in its concentration, driven primarily by the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation, has strengthened the push for accurate mitigation techniques. In response to this challenge, the study aims to investigate the potential of armchair graphene nanoribbons (ArGNR) as an advanced sensing material for CO<sub>2</sub> monitoring. A detailed computational model is performed using the linear combination of atomic orbitals (LCAO) framework to examine the adsorption and bandgap (<italic>E<sub>G</sub></i>) responses of the ArGNR to CO<sub>2</sub> molecules. The results demonstrate that the pristine ArGNR exhibits a weak interaction with CO<sub>2</sub>, indicating physisorption. Conversely, the targeted reactive dopants, boron phosphorus (BP) and boron arsenic (BAs), significantly enhance the sensing performance. In particular, the BP- and BAs-codoped ArGNR exhibit 5.9-11.45 times stronger chemisorption energies than the pristine ArGNR. Moreover, the <italic>B</i> site of the BAs co-doping induces a notable 19% reduction in the <italic>E<sub>G</sub></i>, implying substantial charge transport (−0.29e), stronger electronic interaction, and enhanced CO<sub>2</sub> adsorption. Furthermore, the density of states (DOS) analysis confirms that the BAs-codoped ArGNR exhibits stronger electronic-state modulation upon CO<sub>2</sub> exposure than the BP-doped ArGNR.","PeriodicalId":449,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Nanotechnology","volume":"25 ","pages":"172-179"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148508114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01Epub Date: 2026-03-09DOI: 10.1109/TNANO.2026.3671713
S. M. Ali Emam;Syeda Maliha Reza;Mayukh Mallick;Mahabub Alam Bhuiyan;Taslim Ur Rashid;Saeed Mahmud Ullah;Ahsan Habib
Electrochemical biosensors require electrode materials that are scalable, affordable, and effective for detecting target analyte. Laser-induced graphene (LIG) has emerged as a promising electrode material, yet traditional fabrication methods using expensive CO$_{2}$ lasers limit accessibility. In this work, we report a low-cost and scalable fabrication strategy for flexible LIG electrodes using direct laser writing with a 10W, 455 nm diode laser. While bare LIG offers excellent conductivity and porosity, it lacks specific binding sites for target molecules, resulting in limited sensitivity. Surface functionalization with metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) offers a pathway to overcome this limitation; however, most MOF–LIG hybrids have been applied to gas sensing, leaving liquid-phase analyte detection largely unexplored. To improve sensor’s performance, MIL-100 MOF was incorporated onto the LIG electrodes via a simple drop-casting process. As a proof-of-concept, Ciprofloxacin detection was demonstrated with a detection limit of 6.04 nM. These findings establish MOF functionalized LIG electrodes as a versatile, low-cost, and scalable platform for sensitive solution-phase electrochemical sensing in environmental and biomedical applications.
{"title":"MOF-Functionalized 455 nm Laser-Induced Graphene Flexible Electrode for Electrochemical Sensing","authors":"S. M. Ali Emam;Syeda Maliha Reza;Mayukh Mallick;Mahabub Alam Bhuiyan;Taslim Ur Rashid;Saeed Mahmud Ullah;Ahsan Habib","doi":"10.1109/TNANO.2026.3671713","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNANO.2026.3671713","url":null,"abstract":"Electrochemical biosensors require electrode materials that are scalable, affordable, and effective for detecting target analyte. Laser-induced graphene (LIG) has emerged as a promising electrode material, yet traditional fabrication methods using expensive CO<inline-formula><tex-math>$_{2}$</tex-math></inline-formula> lasers limit accessibility. In this work, we report a low-cost and scalable fabrication strategy for flexible LIG electrodes using direct laser writing with a 10W, 455 nm diode laser. While bare LIG offers excellent conductivity and porosity, it lacks specific binding sites for target molecules, resulting in limited sensitivity. Surface functionalization with metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) offers a pathway to overcome this limitation; however, most MOF–LIG hybrids have been applied to gas sensing, leaving liquid-phase analyte detection largely unexplored. To improve sensor’s performance, MIL-100 MOF was incorporated onto the LIG electrodes via a simple drop-casting process. As a proof-of-concept, Ciprofloxacin detection was demonstrated with a detection limit of 6.04 nM. These findings establish MOF functionalized LIG electrodes as a versatile, low-cost, and scalable platform for sensitive solution-phase electrochemical sensing in environmental and biomedical applications.","PeriodicalId":449,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Nanotechnology","volume":"25 ","pages":"92-98"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147557661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article presents an analysis of the AC dielectric properties of functional nanofluids (NFs). The structure of the samples consists of base fluids (BF), including polyethylene glycol (PEG), silicone oil (SO), propylene carbonate (PC) and hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), as well as nanofillers such as nickel, copper and silver nanoparticles (NPs), with a mean size of 17-51 nm and concentrations 200-2000 µg/ml. The NFs were produced using both a one-step and a two-step methods. The experimental section includes SEM investigation, electrical characterization of PEG-based NFs, and determination of the impact on the NF’s conductivity of NPs type, concentration and size. Impedance, phase shift angle, loss factor, capacitance, real and imaginary permittivity, and conductivity were measured for frequencies of 4 Hz-8 MHz at room temperature (RT). The entire frequency range was divided into two energy regions: capacitive and quasi-resistive. For each sample, a resonant frequency fR was identified, below which interfacial polarization occurs at nanoparticle and electrical contact boundaries, while above it atomic polarization dominates due to the stronger AC field effect on nanoparticle electron clouds. The conductivity is significantly impacted by the NP’s type and concentration. No clear effect of NP size on NF conductivity was observed.
{"title":"Dielectric Properties of Functional Nanofluids Based on Ni, Cu, and Ag Nanoparticles Deposited in Liquid Polymers","authors":"Oleksandr Boiko;Kateryna Biliak;Alexander Vahl;Daniil Nikitin","doi":"10.1109/TNANO.2026.3675650","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNANO.2026.3675650","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents an analysis of the AC dielectric properties of functional nanofluids (NFs). The structure of the samples consists of base fluids (BF), including polyethylene glycol (PEG), silicone oil (SO), propylene carbonate (PC) and hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), as well as nanofillers such as nickel, copper and silver nanoparticles (NPs), with a mean size of 17-51 nm and concentrations 200-2000 µg/ml. The NFs were produced using both a one-step and a two-step methods. The experimental section includes SEM investigation, electrical characterization of PEG-based NFs, and determination of the impact on the NF’s conductivity of NPs type, concentration and size. Impedance, phase shift angle, loss factor, capacitance, real and imaginary permittivity, and conductivity were measured for frequencies of 4 Hz-8 MHz at room temperature (RT). The entire frequency range was divided into two energy regions: capacitive and quasi-resistive. For each sample, a resonant frequency <italic>f</i><sub>R</sub> was identified, below which interfacial polarization occurs at nanoparticle and electrical contact boundaries, while above it atomic polarization dominates due to the stronger AC field effect on nanoparticle electron clouds. The conductivity is significantly impacted by the NP’s type and concentration. No clear effect of NP size on NF conductivity was observed.","PeriodicalId":449,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Nanotechnology","volume":"25 ","pages":"99-106"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147606248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01Epub Date: 2026-03-30DOI: 10.1109/TNANO.2026.3678724
Gulzar Ali J;Sanjay Kumar Mohanty;Chittaranjan Nayak
Dual resonance absorption modes realized by a graphene in one-dimensional photonic crystal heterostructure of all-hyperbolic metamaterial (HMM)-based unit cells terminated with a gold-dielectric bilayer is examined. Resonance frequencies exhibit a distinct angular dependence: they shift upward under transverse electric (TE) polarization and downward under transverse magnetic (TM) polarization as the incidence angle increases from normal incidence up to $89^{circ }$. This angular response appears almost linear in both TE and TM modes, as visualized through contour plots. The effect is primarily demonstrated in the terahertz (THz) regime using Indium Phosphide (InP) and Tellurium (Te) as the constituent materials of the HMM, which exhibit metallic behavior within this frequency range. The same phenomenon is further verified separately with Indium Antimonide (InSb)/Te and Gallium Arsenide (GaAs)/Te combinations, confirming the robustness of the observed response. These findings emphasize the tunable and polarization-sensitive nature of resonances in hypercrystal systems, underscoring their potential for advanced THz photonic applications.
{"title":"Mode Sensitive Topological Interface State Dual-Mode Absorber in Hyperbolic Metamaterials Based One-Dimensional Photonic Crystals With Graphene and Gold Layers","authors":"Gulzar Ali J;Sanjay Kumar Mohanty;Chittaranjan Nayak","doi":"10.1109/TNANO.2026.3678724","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNANO.2026.3678724","url":null,"abstract":"Dual resonance absorption modes realized by a graphene in one-dimensional photonic crystal heterostructure of all-hyperbolic metamaterial (HMM)-based unit cells terminated with a gold-dielectric bilayer is examined. Resonance frequencies exhibit a distinct angular dependence: they shift upward under transverse electric (TE) polarization and downward under transverse magnetic (TM) polarization as the incidence angle increases from normal incidence up to <inline-formula><tex-math>$89^{circ }$</tex-math></inline-formula>. This angular response appears almost linear in both TE and TM modes, as visualized through contour plots. The effect is primarily demonstrated in the terahertz (THz) regime using Indium Phosphide (InP) and Tellurium (Te) as the constituent materials of the HMM, which exhibit metallic behavior within this frequency range. The same phenomenon is further verified separately with Indium Antimonide (InSb)/Te and Gallium Arsenide (GaAs)/Te combinations, confirming the robustness of the observed response. These findings emphasize the tunable and polarization-sensitive nature of resonances in hypercrystal systems, underscoring their potential for advanced THz photonic applications.","PeriodicalId":449,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Nanotechnology","volume":"25 ","pages":"138-143"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147665259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A photonic crystal waveguide based on a perforated silicon slab has been optimized for the efficient TE resistive TM-notch filtering. The TE polarization suppression mechanism has been introduced in the proposed design to deal with the inevitable birefringence of silicon photonics. At least 20 dB suppression has been achieved in a 116 nm bandwidth including the TM notch wavelength. Here, with the proposed design mechanism both the features have been implemented simultaneously in the same device footprint. A detailed analysis has been presented of both the TE and TM polarization of light for the PhC slab waveguide using plan wave expansion method and all findings have been re-verified with a 3D-FDTD method. The maximum extinction ratio of the TE polarization is $approx$30 dB along with $approx$19 dB suppression of the TM notch wavelength. Moreover, the thermal sensitivity of 0.033 nm$textbf {/}^{o}text{K}$ and a refractive index sensitivity of 310 nm/RIU of the design enables precise detection of temperature and refractive index changes.
{"title":"Engineering a TM-MSB With Built-In TE Suppression Mechanism for Polarization Selective Sensing Applications","authors":"Chandra Prakash;Swati Gangwar;Saurabh Agarwal;Akash Kumar Pradhan","doi":"10.1109/TNANO.2026.3715246","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNANO.2026.3715246","url":null,"abstract":"A photonic crystal waveguide based on a perforated silicon slab has been optimized for the efficient TE resistive TM-notch filtering. The TE polarization suppression mechanism has been introduced in the proposed design to deal with the inevitable birefringence of silicon photonics. At least 20 dB suppression has been achieved in a 116 nm bandwidth including the TM notch wavelength. Here, with the proposed design mechanism both the features have been implemented simultaneously in the same device footprint. A detailed analysis has been presented of both the TE and TM polarization of light for the PhC slab waveguide using plan wave expansion method and all findings have been re-verified with a 3D-FDTD method. The maximum extinction ratio of the TE polarization is <inline-formula><tex-math>$approx$</tex-math></inline-formula>30 dB along with <inline-formula><tex-math>$approx$</tex-math></inline-formula>19 dB suppression of the TM notch wavelength. Moreover, the thermal sensitivity of 0.033 nm<inline-formula><tex-math>$textbf {/}^{o}text{K}$</tex-math></inline-formula> and a refractive index sensitivity of 310 nm/RIU of the design enables precise detection of temperature and refractive index changes.","PeriodicalId":449,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Nanotechnology","volume":"25 ","pages":"251-258"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148626176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01Epub Date: 2026-06-29DOI: 10.1109/TNANO.2026.3708059
Anthony Gasbarro;Victor M. Lubecke
Two-dimensional materials offer exceptional properties for precision devices, yet mechanical exfoliation remains limited by poor scalability and repeatability. This study systematically quantifies how peel angle and speed govern graphene yield and contamination using an automated exfoliation stage and high-throughput image analysis. Graphene flakes were produced across six substrate angles (0 to 120$^{circ }$) and four peel speeds (10 to 5000 $mathrm{mu }$m/s), with three trials per condition, generating over 200,000 optical microscopy images. A segmentation model classified flake thickness and adhesive residue to construct flake-yield and residue maps over angle-speed space. Slower peels generally increased single-layer yield but also increased residue coverage, revealing an inherent tradeoff between quality and cleanliness. Notably, some high-angle/high-speed conditions (e.g., 120$^{circ }$ at 5000 μm/s) achieved $geq$80% of the best single-layer yield while keeping residue $leq$30%. These results demonstrate that peel parameters can be tuned to balance yield and residue, providing practical guidance for optimizing mechanical exfoliation. More broadly, this work shows how automation and image-based classification enable scalable, statistically robust studies of 2D material synthesis.
二维材料为精密设备提供了卓越的性能，但机械剥离仍然受到可扩展性和可重复性差的限制。本研究使用自动剥离阶段和高通量图像分析系统地量化剥离角度和速度如何影响石墨烯产量和污染。在6个衬底角度（0至120 $^{circ }$）和4种剥离速度（10至5000 $mathrm{mu }$ m/s）下生产石墨烯薄片，每种条件下进行3次试验，产生超过20万张光学显微镜图像。该分割模型对薄片厚度和残馀量进行分类，构建了角速度空间上的薄片产量和残馀量图。较慢的剥皮通常增加单层产量，但也增加了残留物覆盖，揭示了质量和清洁度之间的内在权衡。值得注意的是，在一些高角度/高速条件下（例如，在5000 μm/s下，120 $^{circ }$）可以达到$geq$ 80% of the best single-layer yield while keeping residue $leq$30%. These results demonstrate that peel parameters can be tuned to balance yield and residue, providing practical guidance for optimizing mechanical exfoliation. More broadly, this work shows how automation and image-based classification enable scalable, statistically robust studies of 2D material synthesis.
{"title":"Influence of Peel Kinematics on Quality of Exfoliated 2D Materials","authors":"Anthony Gasbarro;Victor M. Lubecke","doi":"10.1109/TNANO.2026.3708059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNANO.2026.3708059","url":null,"abstract":"Two-dimensional materials offer exceptional properties for precision devices, yet mechanical exfoliation remains limited by poor scalability and repeatability. This study systematically quantifies how peel angle and speed govern graphene yield and contamination using an automated exfoliation stage and high-throughput image analysis. Graphene flakes were produced across six substrate angles (0 to 120<inline-formula><tex-math>$^{circ }$</tex-math></inline-formula>) and four peel speeds (10 to 5000 <inline-formula><tex-math>$mathrm{mu }$</tex-math></inline-formula>m/s), with three trials per condition, generating over 200,000 optical microscopy images. A segmentation model classified flake thickness and adhesive residue to construct flake-yield and residue maps over angle-speed space. Slower peels generally increased single-layer yield but also increased residue coverage, revealing an inherent tradeoff between quality and cleanliness. Notably, some high-angle/high-speed conditions (e.g., 120<inline-formula><tex-math>$^{circ }$</tex-math></inline-formula> at 5000 μm/s) achieved <inline-formula><tex-math>$geq$</tex-math></inline-formula>80% of the best single-layer yield while keeping residue <inline-formula><tex-math>$leq$</tex-math></inline-formula>30%. These results demonstrate that peel parameters can be tuned to balance yield and residue, providing practical guidance for optimizing mechanical exfoliation. More broadly, this work shows how automation and image-based classification enable scalable, statistically robust studies of 2D material synthesis.","PeriodicalId":449,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Nanotechnology","volume":"25 ","pages":"243-250"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148626178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study presents the fabrication and characterization of a non-enzymatic lactic acid (LA) sensor using a MoO3/TiO2 composite, developed through a straightforward drop-casting method on a flexible printed circuit board (FPCB). The synergistic combination of redox-active MoO3 and porous TiO2 significantly enhances electrochemical performance by increasing surface area and facilitating efficient ion exchange and electron transfer. The sensor exhibits excellent sensitivity (3.65 mV/mM), strong linearity (R2 = 0.997), high selectivity against common interferents (e.g., uric acid, dopamine, glucose), and rapid response time (∼7 seconds). It also demonstrates good repeatability (RSD = 3.25%) and reproducibility (RSD = 13%) across multiple fabrications. Notably, the limit of detection (LOD) is calculated to be 0.43 mM, indicating the sensor's capability for detecting low concentrations of lactic acid. These results highlight the sensor's potential for real-time, low-cost, and reliable LA monitoring in biomedical applications.
{"title":"Study of a Non-Enzymatic Lactic Acid Sensor Modified by MoO3/TiO2 and Its Measurement by Potentiometric Equipment","authors":"Yu-Hsun Nien;Pei-Ling Lin;Jung-Chuan Chou;Chih-Hsien Lai;Po-Hui Yang;Po-Yu Kuo;Xin-Han Chen;Yu-Wei Chen;Lian-Sheng Jiang","doi":"10.1109/TNANO.2026.3689179","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNANO.2026.3689179","url":null,"abstract":"This study presents the fabrication and characterization of a non-enzymatic lactic acid (LA) sensor using a MoO<sub>3</sub>/TiO<sub>2</sub> composite, developed through a straightforward drop-casting method on a flexible printed circuit board (FPCB). The synergistic combination of redox-active MoO<sub>3</sub> and porous TiO<sub>2</sub> significantly enhances electrochemical performance by increasing surface area and facilitating efficient ion exchange and electron transfer. The sensor exhibits excellent sensitivity (3.65 mV/mM), strong linearity (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.997), high selectivity against common interferents (e.g., uric acid, dopamine, glucose), and rapid response time (∼7 seconds). It also demonstrates good repeatability (RSD = 3.25%) and reproducibility (RSD = 13%) across multiple fabrications. Notably, the limit of detection (LOD) is calculated to be 0.43 mM, indicating the sensor's capability for detecting low concentrations of lactic acid. These results highlight the sensor's potential for real-time, low-cost, and reliable LA monitoring in biomedical applications.","PeriodicalId":449,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Nanotechnology","volume":"25 ","pages":"188-196"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148508124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01Epub Date: 2026-08-06DOI: 10.1109/TNANO.2026.3720882
Gaurav Kumar;Ravi Roushan Kumar;Devendra Chack
An optical mode switch enables reconfigurable mode-division-multiplexing (MDM) techniques. Here, an integrated 3 × 3 non-blocking dual-mode thermo-optic switch is proposed utilizing a Mach-Zehnder interferometer integrated with multimode interference (MMI) couplers. The design of the dual-mode 3-dB power splitter leverages the self-imaging phenomenon facilitated by a taper-assisted MMI coupler. Meanwhile, a mode-insensitive phase shifter is utilized to alter the two modes phases simultaneously. The insertion loss for the TE0 and TE1 modes can reach 0.4 dB and 0.45 dB at 1550 nm; for the C-band, it is less than 0.57 dB and 0.58 dB, respectively. The crosstalk for the TE0 and TE1 modes can achieve −39.59 dB and −39.54 dB, respectively, at 1550 nm, and for the C-band, it is below −35.5 dB for both modes. The device has a compact size, measuring 2045 μm × 12.5 μm. Our innovative dual-mode switch offers low-power consumption benefits. It is engineered for effortless integration with MDM systems, catering to the needs of upcoming high-capacity communication networks.
{"title":"3 × 3 Non-Blocking Dual-Mode Optical Switch on Silicon on Insulator","authors":"Gaurav Kumar;Ravi Roushan Kumar;Devendra Chack","doi":"10.1109/TNANO.2026.3720882","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNANO.2026.3720882","url":null,"abstract":"An optical mode switch enables reconfigurable mode-division-multiplexing (MDM) techniques. Here, an integrated 3 × 3 non-blocking dual-mode thermo-optic switch is proposed utilizing a Mach-Zehnder interferometer integrated with multimode interference (MMI) couplers. The design of the dual-mode 3-dB power splitter leverages the self-imaging phenomenon facilitated by a taper-assisted MMI coupler. Meanwhile, a mode-insensitive phase shifter is utilized to alter the two modes phases simultaneously. The insertion loss for the TE<sub>0</sub> and TE<sub>1</sub> modes can reach 0.4 dB and 0.45 dB at 1550 nm; for the C-band, it is less than 0.57 dB and 0.58 dB, respectively. The crosstalk for the TE<sub>0</sub> and TE<sub>1</sub> modes can achieve −39.59 dB and −39.54 dB, respectively, at 1550 nm, and for the C-band, it is below −35.5 dB for both modes. The device has a compact size, measuring 2045 μm × 12.5 μm. Our innovative dual-mode switch offers low-power consumption benefits. It is engineered for effortless integration with MDM systems, catering to the needs of upcoming high-capacity communication networks.","PeriodicalId":449,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Nanotechnology","volume":"25 ","pages":"275-279"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148781348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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