Psychology of Violence最新文献

Objectives: Intersectional oppression exposes transgender women of color to gender-based violence and contributes to inequities across the HIV prevention and care continua. This pilot study aimed to adapt and examine the feasibility and acceptability of Kickin' it with the Gurlz, an HIV status-neutral multicomponent intervention designed to address violence, promote healing from trauma, and reduce barriers to engagement in HIV prevention and care.

Methods: Intervention components included Violence and Gender Affirmation Screening, peer navigation sessions, and a rigorous adaptation of Seeking Safety peer-delivered group sessions. We conducted a one-arm pilot study in which participants completed pre-test, immediate post-test, and 3-month follow-up surveys. A subset of participants completed qualitative exit interviews.

Results: Results indicated good feasibility with all participants completing the Violence and Gender Affirmation Screening, all completing at least one peer navigation session, 79% attending at least 7 of 8 group sessions across 7 cohorts, and 89% completing at least one follow-up survey. Exit interviews and group session evaluations indicated high acceptability. As this pilot study was not powered nor intended to evaluate intervention efficacy, intent-to-treat analyses did not detect significant changes in most hypothesized mediators, mental health, substance use, and HIV outcomes; however, there were significant changes in intimate partner violence and medical and legal gender affirmation.

Conclusions: Kickin' it with the Gurlz demonstrated promise as a peer-delivered HIV status-neutral intervention designed to address violence, healing from trauma, and improve engagement in HIV prevention and care with transgender women of color.

Objective: Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a public health problem among college students. However, few studies have used ecological momentary assessment (EMA) to examine IPV, and instead have relied on methods that introduce recall bias (e.g., cross-sectional methods, daily diary). Thus, this study examined the feasibility of EMA to assess IPV among college students aged 18-25.

Method: A sample of 164 college students (18-25 years old, 62.8% women) in a dating relationship with a recent history of IPV perpetration completed one morning and four randomly prompted surveys daily for 28 days.

Results: Findings demonstrated high compliance (89.57% for morning and 73.49% for random surveys) with EMA surveys. The prevalence of psychological, physical, and sexual IPV reported on randomly prompted surveys was higher relative to morning surveys. The number of reported IPV instances was higher during the first half of sampling (i.e., first 14 days) compared to the last half of sampling (i.e., days 15-28). Finally, participants reported an overall neutral reaction to EMA methods, despite some technological challenges.

Conclusions: EMA is a feasible method for assessing events of IPV in college students. The reduction of recall bias afforded with EMA methods could bring more accurate examination of prevalence and proximal risk factors for IPV. Intervention approaches could benefit from harnessing EMA methods to bring interventions to the moment they are needed among those who experience IPV.

Objective: A prominent theory accounting for the development and maintenance of aggressive behavior from childhood to adolescence is the social cognitive model, which holds that aggressive behavior is sustained over time through various context-dependent beliefs, biases, and schemas that emerge through repeated observation of aggressive social interactions. In this study, we provide a novel test of whether this model could also account for late adolescent and young adult weapon use.

Method: We use integrative data analysis to combine information from two longitudinal studies of youth in urban areas (Study 1: N=426, 4 waves over 13 years, from ages 8 to 27; Study 2: N=200, 4 waves over 4 years, from ages 15 to 18; total N=626, 51% female, 56% Black). Data consists of both youth and parent report.

Results: We show that normative beliefs supporting aggression promote the observational learning of weapon use in late adolescence and early adulthood. In addition, we show that these normative beliefs that promote the observational learning of weapon use in late adolescence and early adulthood are significantly stronger for people who 8-years earlier scored higher on callousness who held normative beliefs approving of retaliatory aggression at that time.

Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that interventions in childhood and adolescence that counteract normative beliefs approving of aggression and that reduce callousness will lessen the likelihood of the later imitation of observed neighborhood weapon violence by the intervened youth.

Objective: The I³ model outlines how factors interact to predict intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetration such as relationship tension, emotion regulation (ER) and distress tolerance difficulties, and alcohol use. Despite the model's emphasis on these factors' synergistic nature (i.e., "perfect storm"), they are typically examined disparately and use retrospective self-report over an aggregate timeframe, preventing a nuanced examination of IPV. The current event-level study aimed to (a) examine the confluence of event-level instigating (e.g., relationship tension), impelling (e.g., ER difficulties, distress intolerance), and disinhibiting (e.g., alcohol use) I³ factors predicting IPV perpetration; and (b) investigate how between- and within-person deviations in these I³ factors impact likelihood of same-day IPV perpetration.

Method: A community sample of 150 young adults with IPV histories completed 25 online daily diaries examining I³ factors and IPV perpetration.

Results: Using generalized estimating equations examining the interactive effects of relationship tension, ER difficulties, distress intolerance, and alcohol use on IPV likelihood, results showed a significant three-way interaction between average levels of relationship tension, ER difficulties, and alcohol use predicting IPV perpetration likelihood. At high average levels of relationship tension and alcohol use, ER difficulties had a significant positive effect on IPV perpetration likelihood. When examining within-person deviations in I³ factors, only deviations in relationship tension above one's average level significantly predicted IPV perpetration likelihood.

Conclusion: Findings support the synergistic nature of relationship tension, ER difficulties and alcohol use on increased likelihood of IPV perpetration, particularly for one's typical level of each factor.

Objective: Caregiver socialization is an important component of youth behavior development, yet little research has considered whether caregiver messages about use of fighting and nonviolent conflict resolution may be related to youths' beliefs about fighting and subsequent firearm carriage. This study examined the extent to which youths' beliefs about fighting moderated the relation between caregiver messages about how to manage conflict and youth firearm carrying.

Method: Participants were 254 youth (ages 12-17; 56% female; 88% African American) drawn from a larger community-based study of positive youth development and youth violence prevention in a low-income urban area. Binary logistic regression analyses were conducted in SPSS. Covariates included age, sex, race, and intervention community.

Results: Significant direct effects were produced between caregiver messages supporting fighting and nonviolence and youth firearm carrying, as were youth beliefs supporting reactive and instrumental aggression with firearm carrying. Though the interaction term was significant in the first two models, further examination of conditional probabilities indicated that youth beliefs were did not moderate the relations between caregiver messages and firearm carrying.

Conclusion: This study establishes preliminary relations between caregiver socialization messages and youth firearm carrying. Further longitudinal research is needed to understand caregiver-youth socialization and messages about how to manage conflict and reduce firearm behavior.

Objective: Guided by the I³ Model, the present study examined the independent and interactive effects of intersectional distal and proximal minority stress (disinhibiting factors) and adaptive coping (inhibiting factor) on physical intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetration in sexual and racial minoritized (SRM) adults.

Method: Participants were 349 cisgender individuals (57% assigned female at birth) who identified with both a sexual and racial minoritized identity. They were recruited through an online panel service to complete a survey that assessed multiple SRM stressors, adaptive coping, and physical IPV perpetration.

Results: A measurement model which included latent factors of intersectional distal and proximal minority stress and adaptive coping exhibited excellent fit. Hurdle negative binomial regression models indicated that (a) distal intersectional minority stress increased the odds of perpetrating physical IPV (OR = 2.48), (b) frequency of physical IPV perpetration was positively associated with both distal (IRR = 1.32) and proximal (IRR = 1.54) intersectional minority stress, and (c) the positive association between distal intersectional minority stress and frequency of physical IPV perpetration was significantly reduced at higher levels of adaptive coping.

Conclusions: Based on a large sample of SRM adults, findings tentatively indicate that (1) distal and proximal intersectional minority stress increase risk for physical IPV, and (2) adaptive coping mitigates this risk for distal, but not proximal, intersectional minority stressors. Results provide preliminary evidence for integrating adaptive coping into culturally-informed interventions designed to reduce negative health sequelae associated with intersectional minority stress, and IPV perpetration specifically, among SRM adults.

Objective: Latino sexual minority men (LSMM) experience intersecting stressors due to the marginalization of their sexual and ethnic minority identities, elevating risk for intimate partner violence (IPV). However, there is little understanding of IPV among LSMM, especially concerning how IPV may differ in LSMM compared to heterosexual women, on whom most of the literature is based. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to begin identifying nuances in IPV among LSMM as a first step toward tailored measurement and intervention development.

Methods: Using a qualitative description approach, we conducted 23 semi-structured in-depth interviews with adult LSMM in South Florida. Interviews were transcribed verbatim. The first 10 transcripts were analyzed using an inductive open coding approach, which were then clustered into themes. This inductive process yielded a codebook, which was utilized to code the remaining 13 transcripts. We reached data saturation at 21 interviews and conducted two additional interviews to confirm the emergent themes.

Results: Seven themes emerged. LSMM participants described: 1) Overt power dynamics related to dyadic differences in age and ethnicity; 2) Heteronormative constraints to help seeking; 3) The role of substance use in non-physical aggression; 4) Manipulation tactics to prevent survivors from leaving violent relationships; 5) Threats related to immigration and citizenship status; 6) Cutoff from sources of support; and 7) Use of financial control.

Conclusion: This study provides some of the first data on the nuances of IPV as experienced by LSMM. Findings suggest LSMM can experience IPV in ways that remain uncaptured by common IPV measures.

Objective: Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a serious and prevalent threat to the health of women worldwide, yet limitations in measurement hinder efforts to monitor, prevent, and respond to this global challenge. These include variability in definitions and assessment tools, small item sets, lack of comparability across countries, and variability in outcome construction in IPV studies.

Methods: We performed exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, measurement invariance testing, and item response theory analysis on IPV data from publicly available, population-based surveys conducted in 28 EU countries and two US states.

Results: We found that a unidimensional model of IPV based on 30 dichotomous indicators in the EU and 22 dichotomous indicators in the US described IPV well in all countries and states and was strictly invariant across countries and states. Additionally, we identified items that might be removed from the two scales without substantive information loss and high-information items that might be added to IPV scales used in other countries to improve content validity. Finally, we found that outcome construction (dichotomized/count of acts/factor scores) impacted the magnitude, but not the significance, of associations between IPV experience and general health measures.

Conclusions: Our findings highlight opportunities to improve commonly used IPV scales and suggest that psychological IPV and controlling behaviors are salient aspects of women's IPV experience that should be incorporated into national and international reporting mechanisms.

Objective: The rates of suicide and prevalence of mental health and behavioral problems have been increasing among adolescents and young adults in the United States over the past two decades. This study examines underlying distal and mediating proximal factors leading to suicide attempts during the sensitive transition period of emerging adulthood.

Methods: We conducted bivariate, multivariate, and mediation regression analyses of five years of data from a large national student survey to first identify and then decompose relationships between past-year suicide attempt into distal and proximal associations, controlling for a range of personal and sociodemographic respondent characteristics.

Results: Of 372,000 college students surveyed, 4,292 (1.2%) reported having attempted suicide during the past year. Mediation by proximal, precipitating factors accounted for percentages of the total distal factors as follows: history of diagnosed mental health disorder (20.1%), history of diagnosed alcohol use disorder (25.7%), history of physical abuse (73.9%), financial distress experienced during childhood (40.2%) and having a disability (23.4%). Recent depression severity and recent sexual assault victimization accounted for ≥ 40% of the total indirect association of each distal factor. Mediation of diagnosed mental health disorder and diagnosed alcohol use disorder were attributed primarily to conceptually related proximal factors.

Conclusions: Information regarding dynamic relationships between distal and proximal risk factors may inform integrated clinical and comprehensive campus suicide prevention strategies to mitigate the life-threatening consequences of mental health disorders, alcohol and drug misuse, and stressful life experiences during emerging adulthood.