Psychiatry-Interpersonal and Biological Processes最新文献

Objective: The present study aims to examine the predictive role of perceived stress (PS) and family climate (FC) on individuals' aggression levels during compulsory isolation amid the COVID-19 pandemic.Method: Data were collected from a Turkish sample (N = 1055) using the Buss-Perry Aggression Scale, Family Climate Scale, and Perceived Stress Scale. A structural equation model (SEM) was employed for data analysis.Results: The results showed that the duration of isolation was positively associated with PS and aggression, and negatively associated with FC. Moreover, aggression was positively associated with PS and negatively associated with FC. These findings suggest that individuals experienced elevated stress levels and weakened family climates during compulsory isolation, which in turn significantly increased their aggressive tendencies.Conclusion: The results underscore the importance of targeted psychosocial interventions to reduce stress and aggression and to strengthen family climate during isolation periods.

BackgroundAlthough prior observational studies have indicated an association between depression and autoimmune rheumatic diseases (ARDs), the underlying causal relationship remains unclear. Methods: A two-sample bidirectional Mendelian randomization (MR) study was conducted to explore the causal link between depression and ARDs. Genetic data for both depression and ARDs were obtained from publicly available genetic datasets. Instrumental variables were chosen as independent single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) linked to each condition. The main analysis employed the random-effects inverse-variance weighted (IVW) method, supplemented by MR-Egger regression and the weighted median approach to strengthen the robustness of the findings. Results: The IVW analysis identified a significant link between depression and a heightened risk of several ARDs: Sjögren's syndrome (OR = 1.546, p < .001), fibromyalgia syndrome (OR = 5.000, p < .001), psoriasis (OR = 1.185, p = .009), and psoriatic arthritis (OR = 1.333, p = .01). No association was found for rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatic polymyalgia, systemic sclerosis, gout, polymyositis, or Behçet's disease. These results were consistent across the MR-Egger and weighted median analyses. The reverse MR analysis found no significant causal effect of any ARD on depression risk. Conclusions: In conclusion, this MR study suggests that individuals with depression are at high risk for certain ARDs, highlighting the importance of timely screening, early detection, and intervention. Additional studies are required to elucidate the exact connection and mechanisms linking depression with particular ARDs.

Objective: Neuroplasticity refers to the tendency of the nervous system to change structurally and functionally due to experience. The adult visual cortex was historically presumed rigid and unchangeable. However, recent research has identified residual neuroplasticity in the visual cortex extending into adulthood, which may be mediated by environmental factors including visual deprivation. Eagleman and Vaughn proposed the Defensive Activation Theory (DAT) in 2021, which posits a role for rapid eye movement sleep (REMS)-related dreaming in preventing neuroplastic loss of visual function during the extended periods of visual deprivation that occur during sleep.

Method: We reviewed research examining the extent of visual cortical plasticity across the human lifespan and the roles of sleep and dreaming regarding this neuroplasticity, providing further discussion of the DAT and potential areas for future investigation.

Conclusion: Neuroplasticity in adulthood can contribute to functional outcomes, and sleep appears to play a role in mediating this neuroplasticity.

ObjectiveSocial dysfunction and language abnormalities are core features of psychotic disorders that interfere with communication. Language studies in psychosis often utilize paradigms involving conversational exchange yet analyze only participant speech rather than understanding the broader participant-examiner discourse. Notably, humans naturally align their language to be more similar to their conversation partners during interaction-a process sometimes called language style matching (LSM). As individuals with psychosis face significant interpersonal challenges, understanding LSM in the context of social interaction is an important and unaddressed area of research. Methods: A total of 101 early psychosis-spectrum participants (early psychosis [EP;n = 24], high schizotypy [HS;n = 44], unaffected controls [UC;n = 33]) completed an audio-recorded social interaction task and an assessment of real-world social functioning. Transcribed speech from participant-examiner dyads underwent LSM analyses to assess interpersonal linguistic synchrony. Correlation and hierarchical regression analyses examined associations among LSM, performance on the social interaction task, and social functioning. Results: LSM was positively correlated with real-world social functioning and performance on the social task in EP and real-world social functioning in UC, but not HS. LSM further accounted for additional variance in social functioning, over-and-above performance on the social interaction task and relevant clinical and demographic variables (diagnostic status, age, sex). Conclusions: These results provide preliminary evidence that LSM during interpersonal interaction is linked to social dysfunction. Critically, LSM may measure features of interaction and social outcomes that are not captured by standard assessments. Collectively, conversational exchange is a promising area for future work assessing social dysfunction in emerging adults across the early psychosis-spectrum.

Objective: The present review aimed to examine the association between different styles of attachment and proneness to shame.

Method: A systematic literature search was conducted across databases including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar which led to the inclusion of 18 studies in the analysis. The meta-analysis incorporated studies involving diverse populations, ensuring a comprehensive understanding of the attachment-shame relationship across various demographic contexts. Four correlational meta-analyses were conducted to investigate the relationship between secure, insecure styles- dismissive, preoccupied, and fearful attachment styles and proneness to shame. Random-effect models in R were employed and the quality of the studies was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale.

Results: Study findings revealed a significant small to moderate negative association between secure attachment and shame (Effect Size [ES] = -0.29); moderate positive associations were found between fearful (ES = 0.39) and preoccupied attachment styles (ES = 0.33) with shame; small but significant positive association was found between dismissing attachment and shame (ES = 0.13). Subgroup analysis revealed that the association between all three insecure attachment styles and shame was more pronounced among LGBTQ+ individuals. Meta-regression analysis showed that gender significantly influenced the associations for preoccupied and dismissing attachment styles.

Conclusion: These results demonstrate that the strength of association with shame varies by type of attachment style. The results also point to the moderating influence of gender and sexual orientation. These insights have important clinical implications and suggest directions for future research on tailoring interventions based on attachment styles.

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to evaluate the relationships between attempted suicide and depression, non-suicidal self-injury, temperament, defence styles, and impulsivity Method: The study included 60 individuals aged 18-60 years who had attempted suicide (30 diagnosed with depressive disorder and 30 without mental disorder), recruited from referrals, walk-in clinics, and inpatients, all of whom had normal mental capacity, were not using drugs that could affect cognitive functions, and had no physical or neurological disease, as well as 30 healthy controls. The Temperament Evaluation Inventory, the Defense Style Questionnaire, and the Beck Depression Inventory were administered to all participants. The Tower of London test and the Go/NoGo test were applied as neuropsychological tests. Results: The suicide attempters were found to have higher levels of dysthymic temperament (p=0.003), irritable temperament (p=0.025), anxious temperament (p=0.008), and non suicidal self-injury (p=0.000) than the healthy controls. Those with a history of attempted suicide used immature defences more than the healthy controls (p=0.003). In the group of all attempted suicides, the scores for attention deficits and impulsivity were found to be higher than those of the healthy controls. The Go/NoGo test was determined to be able to differentiate those with attempted suicide from the controls (p=0.041). Conclusions: The study findings showed that temperament characteristics, non-suicidal self-injury, executive function deficits, and impulsivity could be risk factors for suicide attempts. Depressed suicide attempters exhibited greater deficits in planning and problem-solving.This study provides evidence regarding the usability of neurocognitive tests in evaluating future suicide risk. Key Words: Attempted suicide, temperament, defence styles, executive functions, non-suicidal self-injury.

ObjectiveCaregivers' childhood trauma (CT) and autistic traits (AT) are thought to impair the social and emotional competencies essential for proficient parenting. The intergenerational associations through which these caregiver factors affect adolescents' attachment relationships to with both mothers and peers, as well as their internalizing symptoms, remain unexamined. This study examined the correlation between maternal CT/AT and adolescents' attachment styles, anxiety, and depression to address this notable gap. Methods: This cross-sectional study comprised 115 adolescent-mother dyads (aged 12-18, 38.3% male) who sought outpatient clinic services solely for counseling related to adolescent concerns and were without any psychiatric diagnoses. Mothers were evaluated for AT and CT, while adolescents were assessed for parental and peer attachment styles, as well as depressive and anxiety symptoms using standardized instruments. Correlational and serial mediation analyses were conducted. Results: Serial mediation analysis showed that maternal childhood trauma was directly associated with lower parental attachment (β = -0.281, p = .001) and indirectly through depression (β = -0.065, p = .025) and the sequential pathway via anxiety and depression (β = -0.030, p = .042), whereas anxiety alone was not significant. For peer attachment, neither direct nor indirect effects were significant. Maternal AT scores were not significantly associated with adolescent outcomes (all p > .05). Conclusions: Maternal CT was linked to adolescents' internalizing symptoms and parental attachment security, with depression mediating these associations. These findings underscore the potential relevance of trauma-informed and attachment-focused interventions, although longitudinal research is needed to clarify causal processes.

Objective: The etiology of suicidal thoughts and behaviors (STBs) is complex, multifactorial, and difficult to predict, which limits suicide prevention efforts. The biopsychosocial model of suicide suggests that risk for suicidal ideation, attempts, and death by suicide emerges through the interplay of biological, psychological, and social factors. Yet, these factors are often studied in isolation and assessed inconsistently in practice, making it difficult for researchers and clinicians to appreciate their combined impact in suicide risk assessment and prevention.Method: Charlotte Wells' film Aftersun was examined through the lens of the biopsychosocial model of suicide. Cinematic depictions of important risk factors for STBs, including adverse childhood experiences, shame, social disconnection, financial difficulties, and alcohol use, were integrated with empirical evidence to illustrate how these factors may interact to influence suicide risk.Results: This analysis identifies several empirically supported risk factors for STBs depicted in Aftersun and illustrates how their co-occurrence may increase vulnerability to death by suicide. The film provides a useful example of how suicide risk may be shaped not by any single factor, but by the accumulation and interaction of multiple biological, psychological, and social vulnerabilities.Conclusion: Aftersun provides trainees, clinicians, and researchers with an accessible illustration of the multifactorial nature of suicide and the importance of considering interacting biopsychosocial risk factors during assessment and prevention efforts.

Objective: Identification-the experience of perceiving oneself as like another-is a central process in human relatedness, empathy, and emotion regulation. Although well-established in psychoanalytic and developmental theory, its function under stress and trauma has received limited systematic attention. This paper integrates interpersonal, cognitive, and neurobiological perspectives to conceptualize identification as a core mental operation and to propose thinking by similarity as its underlying cognitive process.

Method: Through focused conceptual synthesis, the manuscript draws on psychoanalytic, developmental, social-cognitive, and neurobiological research to examine the origins, mechanisms, and manifestations of identification across the life span and following high-stress and traumatic events.

Results: Identification emerges early in development through attachment and imitation, shaping empathy and social understanding. Neurobiological evidence, including mirror neurons and limbic system activation, demonstrates shared brain activations that ground identification biologically. Under threat or trauma, cognition may shift to thinking by similarity, facilitating appraisal of safety and danger but also increasing vulnerability to distress and cognitive rigidity. Following traumatic events, this process may yield adaptive empathy and solidarity or maladaptive over-identification with victims and aggressors and posttraumatic stress disorder.

Conclusions: Identification is a fundamental psychological and neurobiological process. The concept of identification as thinking by similarity offers a unifying linking of psychodynamic, developmental, and neurobiological models. This framework advances understanding of empathy, resilience, and vulnerability under stress, with implications for trauma-informed clinical practice and research.

Objective:Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has four symptom clusters: intrusion, avoidance, negative cognitions/mood, and hyperarousal. Little is known about the extent to which the intensity of the symptom clusters vary from moment-to-moment. Using an ecological momentary assessment methodology, this study examined within day variation in the four PTSD symptom clusters. Methods: Participants with PTSD (N = 78) completed self-report assessments of 18 posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) four times daily for 15 days. Linear mixed models and linear spline models examined how PTSS and each of the four PTSD symptom clusters varied across six daily time-blocks (0700, 1000, 1300, 1600, 1900, 2200). Results: PTSS and each symptom cluster differed across the six time-blocks: PTSS, F(5, 345) = 10.06, p < .001; intrusion: 3.02, p < .05; avoidance: 11.31, p < .001; negative cognitions/mood: 7.42, p < .001; and hyperarousal: 9.34, p < .001. All symptom clusters were lowest at the first time-block with an overall increasing pattern across the six time-blocks. Knot analyses indicated maximum symptoms of intrusion at 1000, while maximum symptoms of avoidance, negative cognitions/mood, and hyperarousal occurred at 1300. Conclusions: All four PTSD symptom clusters vary within a day, are lowest in the morning and peak at different times. Further study of the causes of this within day variation, including the neurobiological, psychological, behavioral, and lifestyle factors is important for understanding the mechanisms of and interventions for PTSD.