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Effect of Packaging Method on Butter Quality Preservation 包装方法对黄油品质保存的影响
Pub Date : 2024-04-17 DOI: 10.21603/1019-8946-2024-2-4
E. Topnikova, N. Ivanova, M. Zakharova, Ekaterina Pirogova
The article introduces a comparative analysis of storage capacity of butter packaged in different ways. Butter with a fat fraction of 72.5 % was studied in a monolith sample with stabilized structure and in fluid state during processing. The authors traced the changes in sensory, microbiological, and physicochemical parameters using standard methods at different temperature conditions. When the storage conditions followed State Standard GOST 32261, the in-line packaging method proved more effective: it reduced microbiological risks and increased the shelf-life of the packaged butter. The product also proved resistant to aggravated temperatures, which means that such butter would be able to preserve its quality and safety even under cold chain violations during transportation and sales. The spoilage test results can be used to predict the storage capacity of packaged butter based on initial contamination with various microorganisms.
文章对以不同方式包装的黄油的储存能力进行了比较分析。研究了脂肪含量为 72.5 % 的黄油在加工过程中在具有稳定结构的整体样品和流体状态下的保存情况。作者使用标准方法追踪了不同温度条件下感官、微生物和理化参数的变化。当储存条件符合国家标准 GOST 32261 时,在线包装方法被证明更为有效:它降低了微生物风险,延长了包装黄油的保质期。该产品还具有抗高温能力,这意味着即使在运输和销售过程中出现冷链违规情况,这种黄油也能保持其质量和安全性。变质测试结果可用于根据各种微生物的初始污染情况预测包装黄油的储存能力。
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引用次数: 0
Fortifying Dairy Products with Vitamin A Nano-Emulsion 用维生素 A 纳米乳液强化乳制品
Pub Date : 2024-04-17 DOI: 10.21603/1019-8946-2024-2-2
Andrey Blinov, Alexey Gvozdenko, Alexey Golik, Maxim Kolodkin, Dionis Filippov
Vitamin A deficiency can be compensated by fortifying socially essential foods with its nano-emulsion. This research featured the effect of vitamin A nanoemulsion on the physicochemical parameters of pasteurized milk with a fat content of 3.2 %. To synthesize the vitamin A nano-emulsion, vitamin A was mixed with Tween 80 as a solubilizer. The dynamic light scattering method showed that the average hydrodynamic radius of vitamin A micelles was 62 ±13 nm. In this study, vitamin A nano-emulsion had no significant effect on such physicochemical properties of milk as titratable acidity, radius of protein and fat fractions, and ζ-potential and electrical conductivity. The additive demonstrated good prospects as a source of vitamin A to be used in the dairy industry.
通过在社会必需食品中添加维生素 A 纳米乳剂,可以弥补维生素 A 的缺乏。这项研究主要探讨了维生素 A 纳米乳液对脂肪含量为 3.2% 的巴氏杀菌牛奶理化参数的影响。为了合成维生素 A 纳米乳液,维生素 A 与吐温 80 混合作为增溶剂。动态光散射法显示,维生素 A 胶束的平均流体力学半径为 62 ±13 nm。在这项研究中,维生素 A 纳米乳液对牛奶的理化性质(如可滴定酸度、蛋白质和脂肪部分的半径、ζ电位和电导率)没有明显影响。这种添加剂作为维生素 A 的一种来源,在乳制品工业中具有良好的应用前景。
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引用次数: 0
Prospects for Fortifying Preserved Dairy Products with Iodized Whey Proteins 用加碘乳清蛋白强化腌制乳制品的前景
Pub Date : 2024-04-17 DOI: 10.21603/1019-8946-2024-2-6
I. Barkovskaya
Iodine is an essential trace element involved in the synthesis of thyroid hormones. Its deficiency may trigger pathologies of various kinds in all age groups. Over the last 20 years, two billion people in the world have been diagnosed with iodine deficiency. In Russia, this number is 14 million. In 1994, the World Health Organization introduced several salt iodization programs, and the global level of iodine deficiency and related diseases went down. However, some countries still experience social inequality in iodized salt intake. Moreover, inorganic forms of iodine get unstable during transportation and cooking. As a result, iodized salt cannot be considered a universal method. This article features new approaches to iodine deficiency prevention, e.g., high-iodine diets. The research objective was to analyze the market of iodized dairy foods, including canned dairy products. The review featured the existing technologies of fortifying whole-milk products and canned or otherwise preserved dairy foods with iodine. Such products have some disadvantages. For instance, production of organic iodine preparations is time-consuming, and the resulting products often lack trace elements that facilitate iodine metabolism, e.g., zinc. In this connection, the functional food industry needs new food additives to iodize dairy products. Partially hydrolyzed whey proteins seem a promising raw material for iodine and zinc immobilization.
碘是一种参与合成甲状腺激素的必需微量元素。缺碘可引发各年龄段的各种病症。在过去的 20 年里,全世界有 20 亿人被诊断出缺碘。在俄罗斯,这一数字为 1400 万。1994 年,世界卫生组织推出了几项食盐加碘计划,全球缺碘和相关疾病的发病率有所下降。然而,一些国家在碘盐摄入量方面仍然存在社会不平等现象。此外,无机形式的碘在运输和烹饪过程中会变得不稳定。因此,加碘盐不能被视为一种通用方法。本文介绍了预防碘缺乏症的新方法,如高碘饮食。研究目标是分析加碘乳制品食品(包括罐装乳制品)的市场。综述介绍了现有的全脂奶制品和罐装或其他腌制乳制品的碘强化技术。这类产品有一些缺点。例如,有机碘制剂的生产耗时较长,所生产的产品往往缺乏促进碘代谢的微量元素,如锌。因此,功能性食品行业需要新的食品添加剂来为乳制品加碘。部分水解乳清蛋白似乎是一种很有前景的碘锌固定化原料。
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引用次数: 0
Market for Enteral Nutrition Products 肠内营养产品市场
Pub Date : 2024-04-17 DOI: 10.21603/1019-8946-2024-2-1
Evgeniya Agarkova, Natalia Sherstneva
Balanced nutrition is an important stage that often defines the outcome of treatment process for many diseases. The demand for therapeutic nutrition increases as disease diagnostics becomes more successful. As a result, the development and production of dietary food formulas is a priority task for domestic food producers, especially in the conditions of import substitution. In fact, the European Union and the United States remain Russia’s key suppliers of enteral nutrition products: 90% of this market belongs to foreign companies. Ingredients for enteral nutrition products also come from abroad. Most domestic enteral products are produced by Infaprim. This company offers a wide range of products, including various types of baby formulas. However, the production volume is insufficient to meet the domestic demand, considering that new studies keep revealing the need for new enteral nutrition products for certain groups of patients. This review describes the main types of enteral nutrition foods on the Russian market. The formulas differ in protein content, whey proteins being the most popular ones, as well as in energy value, packaging, and chemical composition. The current state of the domestic market for enteral products determines an urgent need to develop new technologies for enteral nutrition foods to substitute the currently imported products.
均衡营养是一个重要阶段,往往决定着许多疾病的治疗结果。随着疾病诊断越来越成功,对治疗营养的需求也在增加。因此,开发和生产膳食配方食品是国内食品生产商的首要任务,尤其是在进口替代的条件下。事实上,欧盟和美国仍然是俄罗斯肠内营养产品的主要供应国:90%的市场属于外国公司。肠内营养产品的原料也来自国外。大多数国内肠内营养产品由 Infaprim 公司生产。该公司的产品种类繁多,包括各种婴儿配方奶粉。然而,考虑到不断有新的研究显示某些患者群体需要新的肠内营养产品,该公司的产量不足以满足国内需求。本综述介绍了俄罗斯市场上主要的肠内营养食品类型。这些配方在蛋白质含量(乳清蛋白是最受欢迎的)、能量值、包装和化学成分方面各不相同。国内肠内产品市场的现状决定了迫切需要开发肠内营养食品的新技术,以替代目前的进口产品。
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引用次数: 0
Electrolysis Solutions in Sanitation: Past and Present 电解卫生解决方案:过去与现在
Pub Date : 2024-02-19 DOI: 10.21603/1019-8946-2024-1-3
B. Manevich, Evgeniy Titov
New knowledge about biofilm microorganisms and their resistance needs new approaches to disinfection. The article traces the story of electrolysis, as well as inorganic chloractive and oxygen-active disinfectants. It describes the basic electrolysis scheme for obtaining salines and electrochemically activated substances. As a rule, their properties determine the target efficiency of the disinfectant. Certain electrochemical processes occur in anodic and cathodic chambers during electrolysis. They are associated with redox reactions of strongly adsorbed electroactive intermediate molecular forms obtained from water. They depend on the concentration of electrolyte in the solution, current power, electrolysis time, temperature, etc. The electrolytic method has good industrial prospects as it simultaneously produces chloractive anolyte solutions and alkaline catholyte solutions. They can be used as a complex for equipment sanitization purposes.
有关生物膜微生物及其抗药性的新知识需要新的消毒方法。文章追溯了电解以及无机氯活性和氧活性消毒剂的发展历程。文章介绍了获得盐水和电化学活性物质的基本电解方案。通常,它们的特性决定了消毒剂的目标效率。在电解过程中,阳极室和阴极室会发生某些电化学过程。它们与从水中获得的强吸附性电活性中间分子形式的氧化还原反应有关。它们取决于溶液中电解质的浓度、电流功率、电解时间、温度等。电解法具有良好的工业前景,因为它能同时产生氯活性的阳离子溶液和碱性阴离子溶液。它们可用作设备消毒的复合剂。
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引用次数: 0
Milk Fat Globule Membrane Proteins. 8. Fatty Acid-Binding Protein (FABP) 牛奶脂肪球膜蛋白。脂肪酸结合蛋白(FABP)
Pub Date : 2024-02-19 DOI: 10.21603/1019-8946-2024-1-6
Vadim Elchaninov
This article continues a series of reviews about the structure and functions of milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) proteins in cow’s milk. This installment introduces publications on the biochemistry of fatty acid binding protein (FABP), which is a polypeptide component of MFGM. The article gives a brief history of its discovery, as well as profiles the proteins that bind hydrophobic ligands and describes the methods of FABP identification in MFGM preparations. Other aspects of FABP studies include: isoforms and modern nomenclature; amino acid sequence and reactions to post-translational modification; spatial organization; mechanisms for binding fatty acids to lipids; well-investigated and hypothesized physiological functions; the effect of haplotypes on milk fatty acids, yield, and protein content.
本文将继续对牛奶中乳脂球膜蛋白(MFGM)的结构和功能进行系列综述。本期文章介绍了有关脂肪酸结合蛋白(FABP)生物化学的出版物,脂肪酸结合蛋白是 MFGM 的多肽成分。文章简要介绍了脂肪酸结合蛋白的发现历史、与疏水性配体结合的蛋白质概况以及在 MFGM 制剂中鉴定 FABP 的方法。FABP 研究的其他方面包括:同工型和现代命名法;氨基酸序列和翻译后修饰反应;空间组织;脂肪酸与脂质的结合机制;已深入研究和假设的生理功能;单体型对牛奶脂肪酸、产量和蛋白质含量的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Milk-Containing Ice-Cream with Improved Protein-Carbohydrate and Mineral Composition 改进了蛋白质-碳水化合物和矿物质成分的含奶冰淇淋
Pub Date : 2024-02-19 DOI: 10.21603/1019-8946-2024-1-7
A. Tvorogova, P. Sitnikova
Milk-containing ice-cream is low in fat and non-fat milk solids. To maintain the conventional sensory and technological properties, dry substances have to be restored, including dry milk solids. This article introduces a new formulation of milk-containing ice-cream with an improved protein-carbohydrate and mineral content and the conventional sensory profile. Whey protein concentrates and dry cheese whey served as substitute components. The research involved physical, chemical, microstructural, and thermostatic methods. In the experimental product, 2 % whey protein concentrate and 4 % dry cheese whey brought dry milk solids up to 38 %, which was similar to the control milk ice-cream sample. The dispersion of ice crystals and the thermal and shape stability were also similar to the traditional ice-cream. However, the dynamic viscosity and the temperature of freezer discharge of the experimental mix exceeded those of the control sample by 1.5 times and 0.6 °C, respectively, while the aerating ability and the air-phase dispersion were lower. Whey protein concentrates and dry cheese improved the protein-carbohydrate and mineral composition of the milk-containing ice-cream, as well as made it possible to approximate it to the traditional sensory parameters. A further study is necessary to select flavors that could improve the sensory profile of the milk-containing ice-cream product.
含奶冰淇淋的脂肪和非脂乳固体含量都很低。为了保持传统的感官和技术特性,必须恢复干物质,包括干乳固体。本文介绍了一种含奶雪糕的新配方,其蛋白质、碳水化合物和矿物质含量均有所提高,并保持了传统的感官特性。浓缩乳清蛋白和干酪乳清可作为替代成分。研究涉及物理、化学、微结构和恒温方法。在实验产品中,2% 的浓缩乳清蛋白和 4% 的干酪乳清使干牛奶固体含量达到 38%,与对照牛奶冰淇淋样品相似。冰晶的分散性、热稳定性和形状稳定性也与传统冰淇淋相似。不过,实验混合料的动态粘度和冷冻室出料温度分别比对照样品高出 1.5 倍和 0.6 °C,而充气能力和气相分散度则较低。浓缩乳清蛋白和干奶酪改善了含奶冰淇淋的蛋白质-碳水化合物和矿物质成分,并使其接近传统的感官参数。有必要进行进一步研究,以选择可以改善含奶冰淇淋产品感官特征的香料。
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引用次数: 0
Color Profile of Ice Cream with Concentrates and Whey Protein Microparticles 含浓缩物和乳清蛋白微粒的冰淇淋色谱
Pub Date : 2024-02-19 DOI: 10.21603/1019-8946-2024-1-4
I. Gurskiy, A. Tvorogova
Ice cream is one of the most popular desserts all over the world because it possesses excellent sensory characteristics and is highly nutritional. Whey proteins can increase the biological value of ice cream. They are often used in non-fat dry milk powder to reduce its cost. However, whey proteins and casein differ in color. Therefore, replacing milk solids of non-fat proteins with whey proteins hay affect the color profile of the final product. The study registered the color changes in ice cream with different ratios of non-fat dry milk powder, microparticles, and whey protein concentrates. The spectrophotometric method made it possible to assess the key color characteristics, i.e., yellowness, whiteness, and overall color difference. Larger quantities of protein concentrates darkened the final product from 96 to 91.5. A mix of microparticles and whey protein concentrates had no effect on the color profile while each component applied on its own proved significant, as did some other variables. After replacing dry milk proteins, the whiteness index dropped to 85 whereas the yellowness index reached 18. The overall color difference showed that the consumer is likely to notice the replacement of dry milk powder with whey protein concentrates. However, the differences between samples with different ratios were either undetectable or insignificant. The obtained results can be used in qualitative tests to detect the presence of whey proteins in the ice cream protein composition.
冰淇淋是全世界最受欢迎的甜点之一,因为它具有极佳的感官特性和高营养价值。乳清蛋白可以提高冰淇淋的生物价值。乳清蛋白通常用于脱脂奶粉,以降低成本。然而,乳清蛋白和酪蛋白的颜色不同。因此,用乳清蛋白替代脱脂奶粉中的乳固体会影响最终产品的颜色。这项研究记录了冰淇淋中不同比例的脱脂奶粉、微颗粒和浓缩乳清蛋白的颜色变化。分光光度法可以评估主要的颜色特征,即黄度、白度和整体色差。浓缩蛋白的用量越大,最终产品的颜色从 96 深到 91.5。微颗粒和浓缩乳清蛋白的混合使用对颜色特征没有影响,而单独使用每种成分和其他一些变量都有显著效果。取代干乳蛋白后,白度指数降至 85,而黄度指数则达到 18。总体色差表明,消费者很可能会注意到用浓缩乳清蛋白替代了干奶粉。不过,不同比例的样品之间的差异要么检测不到,要么不明显。所得结果可用于定性测试,以检测冰淇淋蛋白质成分中是否含有乳清蛋白。
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引用次数: 0
Innovative Forms of Iron as Essential Trace Element in Dairy Fortification 创新形式的铁作为乳制品强化剂中的基本微量元素
Pub Date : 2024-02-19 DOI: 10.21603/1019-8946-2024-1-1
Andrey Blinov, Alexey Golik, Alexey Gvozdenko, Alexander Serov, Z. Rekhman
This article introduces a new method for fortification of dairy products. It is based on a synthesis of biologically active complexes of ascorbic acid, trace iron, and such essential amino acids as lysine, phenylalanine, isoleucine, tryptophan, methionine, valine, and threonine. The computer modeling of the complex structure made it possible to define the optimal interaction parameters of the formulation components. The complex of ascorbic acid, iron, and tryptophan demonstrated the most potent antioxidant activity.
本文介绍了一种强化乳制品的新方法。它基于抗坏血酸、微量铁以及赖氨酸、苯丙氨酸、异亮氨酸、色氨酸、蛋氨酸、缬氨酸和苏氨酸等必需氨基酸的生物活性复合物的合成。通过对复合物结构进行计算机建模,可以确定配方成分的最佳相互作用参数。抗坏血酸、铁和色氨酸的复合物具有最强的抗氧化活性。
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引用次数: 0
Natural Antioxidants and Food Losses: Analysis and Prospects 天然抗氧化剂与食物损失:分析与展望
Pub Date : 2024-02-19 DOI: 10.21603/1019-8946-2024-1-9
Alexey Golubev, N. Dunchenko, S. Kuptsova
The article provides an analysis of food losses at the global level. The authors linked the level of economic well-being to dairy losses. They examined the effect of various aspects on the shelf-life of dairy products and highlighted the differences in the consumption of highfat dairy products in high-income countries. Natural antioxidants could provide an effective solution to the dairy spoilage problem.
文章对全球范围内的粮食损失进行了分析。作者将经济福利水平与乳制品损失联系起来。他们研究了各方面因素对乳制品保质期的影响,并强调了高收入国家在高脂乳制品消费方面的差异。天然抗氧化剂可为乳制品腐败问题提供有效的解决方案。
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引用次数: 0
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Dairy industry
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