The water hyacinth (WH), also known as Eichhornia crassipes, is Bangladesh’s fast-growing and rapidly expanding sustainable aquatic bioenergy feedstock. The WH, as an energy crop, has been harnessed as a phytoremediation agent to purify contaminated water and produce fuel and environmentally friendly products. A country’s economy relies on the availability of raw materials for energy production, cleaning life-supporting abiotic resources for consumption, and the innovation of cost-effective, eco-friendly products. The present study focuses on a three-in-one nexus using the WH to purify polluted water, the (post-purification) biomass to produce clean energy fuels (biogas and bioethanol), and for the manufacture of daily-use products. The ability of the WH, an aquatic macrophyte, to act as a phytoremediator to improve the quality of eutrophic lake water in a laboratory setting was investigated. Water samples were collected from four lakes surrounding the urban community in Dhaka, Bangladesh. The potential to remove salts and solutes and improve the physio-chemical properties of water, including pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDSs), turbidity, and NaCl concentration, were assessed. During the aquatic macrophyte treatment, a 100% WH survival rate was shown, with no visible toxicity symptoms observed in the biomass. The WH improved water quality after one week, as determined by a significant decrease in turbidity, EC, NaCl, and TDSs, and improved pH and DO levels. Here, we establish the WH’s proficiency in removing nutrients/solutes and improving water quality. In addition, we discuss the utilization of this invasive aquatic biomass to produce energy after remediation of water including cost-effective and eco-friendly products to incur daily life with environmental and socioeconomic benefits in Bangladesh.
{"title":"Co-Benefits of Eichhornia Crassipes (Water Hyacinth) as Sustainable Biomass for Biofuel Production and Aquatic Ecosystem Phytoremediation","authors":"Kamrun Nahar, S. A. Sunny","doi":"10.3390/fuels5030018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fuels5030018","url":null,"abstract":"The water hyacinth (WH), also known as Eichhornia crassipes, is Bangladesh’s fast-growing and rapidly expanding sustainable aquatic bioenergy feedstock. The WH, as an energy crop, has been harnessed as a phytoremediation agent to purify contaminated water and produce fuel and environmentally friendly products. A country’s economy relies on the availability of raw materials for energy production, cleaning life-supporting abiotic resources for consumption, and the innovation of cost-effective, eco-friendly products. The present study focuses on a three-in-one nexus using the WH to purify polluted water, the (post-purification) biomass to produce clean energy fuels (biogas and bioethanol), and for the manufacture of daily-use products. The ability of the WH, an aquatic macrophyte, to act as a phytoremediator to improve the quality of eutrophic lake water in a laboratory setting was investigated. Water samples were collected from four lakes surrounding the urban community in Dhaka, Bangladesh. The potential to remove salts and solutes and improve the physio-chemical properties of water, including pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDSs), turbidity, and NaCl concentration, were assessed. During the aquatic macrophyte treatment, a 100% WH survival rate was shown, with no visible toxicity symptoms observed in the biomass. The WH improved water quality after one week, as determined by a significant decrease in turbidity, EC, NaCl, and TDSs, and improved pH and DO levels. Here, we establish the WH’s proficiency in removing nutrients/solutes and improving water quality. In addition, we discuss the utilization of this invasive aquatic biomass to produce energy after remediation of water including cost-effective and eco-friendly products to incur daily life with environmental and socioeconomic benefits in Bangladesh.","PeriodicalId":514548,"journal":{"name":"Fuels","volume":"107 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141812432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Qu, Nur Aminatulmimi Ismail, J. Delgado-Linares, Ahmad A. A. Majid, L. E. Zerpa, Carolyn Koh
Gas hydrate formation poses a significant challenge in offshore oil and gas production, particularly during cold restarts after extended shut–ins, which can lead to pipeline blockages. Although steady–state models have traditionally been used to predict hydrate formation under continuous production conditions, these models are often inadequate for transient operations due to issues like near–zero fluid flow shear affecting the viscosity calculations of hydrate slurries. This study introduces novel conceptual models for dispersed water–in–crude oil systems specifically designed for cold restart scenarios. The models are supported by direct observations and various experimental approaches, including bottle tests, rheometer measurements, micromechanical force apparatus, and rocking cell studies, which elucidate the underlying mechanisms of hydrate formation. Additionally, this work introduces a modeling approach to represent conceptual pictures, incorporating particle settling and yield stress, to determine whether the system will plug or not upon restart. Validation is provided through transient large–scale flowloop tests, confirming the plugging mechanisms outlined. This comprehensive approach offers insights into conditions that may safely prevent or potentially lead to blockages in the fully dispersed system during field restarts, thereby enhancing the understanding and management of gas hydrate risks in offshore oil and gas operations.
{"title":"Gas Hydrate Plugging Mechanisms during Transient Shut–In/Restart Operation in Fully Dispersed Systems","authors":"A. Qu, Nur Aminatulmimi Ismail, J. Delgado-Linares, Ahmad A. A. Majid, L. E. Zerpa, Carolyn Koh","doi":"10.3390/fuels5030017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fuels5030017","url":null,"abstract":"Gas hydrate formation poses a significant challenge in offshore oil and gas production, particularly during cold restarts after extended shut–ins, which can lead to pipeline blockages. Although steady–state models have traditionally been used to predict hydrate formation under continuous production conditions, these models are often inadequate for transient operations due to issues like near–zero fluid flow shear affecting the viscosity calculations of hydrate slurries. This study introduces novel conceptual models for dispersed water–in–crude oil systems specifically designed for cold restart scenarios. The models are supported by direct observations and various experimental approaches, including bottle tests, rheometer measurements, micromechanical force apparatus, and rocking cell studies, which elucidate the underlying mechanisms of hydrate formation. Additionally, this work introduces a modeling approach to represent conceptual pictures, incorporating particle settling and yield stress, to determine whether the system will plug or not upon restart. Validation is provided through transient large–scale flowloop tests, confirming the plugging mechanisms outlined. This comprehensive approach offers insights into conditions that may safely prevent or potentially lead to blockages in the fully dispersed system during field restarts, thereby enhancing the understanding and management of gas hydrate risks in offshore oil and gas operations.","PeriodicalId":514548,"journal":{"name":"Fuels","volume":"2 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141641739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper aims to study the performance of solar collectors of various sizes under different weather conditions in different Japanese cities, i.e., Kofu City, Nagoya City and Yamagata City. The heat generated by the solar collector was used to conduct a biogas dry reforming reactor for producing H2 to feed a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC). This study revealed that the output temperature of a solar collector Tfb in April and July was higher than that in January and October irrespective of city. The optimum length of the absorber (dx) of the collector was 4 m irrespective of city. It was clarified that the Tfb in Yamagata City in January and October, i.e., winter and autumn, is lower than that in Kofu City and especially Nagoya City, which is strongly influenced by the tendency of solar intensity (I), not the velocity of the surrounding air (ua). On the other hand, the Tfb is almost the same in April and July, i.e., spring and summer, irrespective of city. The amount of produced H2 via the biogas dry reforming reactor and the power generated by the SOFC using H2 in spring and summer were higher compared to the other seasons irrespective of city. This study revealed that the highest available household number per month was 4.7, according to the investigation in this study.
{"title":"Performance of An Energy Production System Consisting of Solar Collector, Biogas Dry Reforming Reactor and Solid Oxide Fuel Cell","authors":"A. Nishimura, Ryotaro Sato, E. Hu","doi":"10.3390/fuels5030016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fuels5030016","url":null,"abstract":"This paper aims to study the performance of solar collectors of various sizes under different weather conditions in different Japanese cities, i.e., Kofu City, Nagoya City and Yamagata City. The heat generated by the solar collector was used to conduct a biogas dry reforming reactor for producing H2 to feed a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC). This study revealed that the output temperature of a solar collector Tfb in April and July was higher than that in January and October irrespective of city. The optimum length of the absorber (dx) of the collector was 4 m irrespective of city. It was clarified that the Tfb in Yamagata City in January and October, i.e., winter and autumn, is lower than that in Kofu City and especially Nagoya City, which is strongly influenced by the tendency of solar intensity (I), not the velocity of the surrounding air (ua). On the other hand, the Tfb is almost the same in April and July, i.e., spring and summer, irrespective of city. The amount of produced H2 via the biogas dry reforming reactor and the power generated by the SOFC using H2 in spring and summer were higher compared to the other seasons irrespective of city. This study revealed that the highest available household number per month was 4.7, according to the investigation in this study.","PeriodicalId":514548,"journal":{"name":"Fuels","volume":"23 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141660598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Haris Jamal, M. K. Loganathan, P. G. Ramesh, Mandeep Singh
The purpose of this research paper is to present a framework for selecting a biogas plant for the Indian rural community, considering performability factors such as reliability, quality, maintainability, safety, and sustainability. This will ensure that the plant operates reliably, efficiently, and safely over its entire life cycle and can play a significant role as a decision-support tool for decision-makers (e.g., managers, engineers, stakeholders). The proposed framework integrates the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), and the Weighted Aggregated Sum Product Assessment (WASPAS) to optimally evaluate and prioritize the best alternative based on performability factors. The findings show that the suitable biogas plant in the context of the Indian rural population is a fixed-dome-type plant. The decision-making process in selecting the best biogas plant can be effectively aided by using this suggested tool. Currently, there are no proper tools or methods for selecting biogas plants for rural areas due to a lack of data or relevant literature on operational issues. The proposed method uses performability factors for the selection, which has not been researched so far. Moreover, the AHP–WASPAS approach offers a robust method for selecting biogas plants, ensuring efficient and sustainable energy production. The proposed method will help policymakers and stakeholders to choose the best biogas plant in the context of Indian rural application.
{"title":"The Selection of Biogas Plants in the Indian Context Based on Performability—An Analytic Hierarchy Process and Weighted Aggregated Sum Product Assessment Approach","authors":"Haris Jamal, M. K. Loganathan, P. G. Ramesh, Mandeep Singh","doi":"10.3390/fuels5020013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fuels5020013","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this research paper is to present a framework for selecting a biogas plant for the Indian rural community, considering performability factors such as reliability, quality, maintainability, safety, and sustainability. This will ensure that the plant operates reliably, efficiently, and safely over its entire life cycle and can play a significant role as a decision-support tool for decision-makers (e.g., managers, engineers, stakeholders). The proposed framework integrates the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), and the Weighted Aggregated Sum Product Assessment (WASPAS) to optimally evaluate and prioritize the best alternative based on performability factors. The findings show that the suitable biogas plant in the context of the Indian rural population is a fixed-dome-type plant. The decision-making process in selecting the best biogas plant can be effectively aided by using this suggested tool. Currently, there are no proper tools or methods for selecting biogas plants for rural areas due to a lack of data or relevant literature on operational issues. The proposed method uses performability factors for the selection, which has not been researched so far. Moreover, the AHP–WASPAS approach offers a robust method for selecting biogas plants, ensuring efficient and sustainable energy production. The proposed method will help policymakers and stakeholders to choose the best biogas plant in the context of Indian rural application.","PeriodicalId":514548,"journal":{"name":"Fuels","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141266631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study offers an in-depth analysis and optimization of a microgrid system powered by renewable sources, designed for the efficient production of hydrogen and dimethyl ether—key elements in the transition toward sustainable fuel alternatives. The system architecture incorporates solar photovoltaic modules, advanced battery storage solutions, and electrolytic hydrogen production units, with a targeted reduction in greenhouse gas emissions and the enhancement of overall energy efficiency. A rigorous economic analysis was conducted utilizing the HYSYS V12 software platform and encompassing capital and operational expenditures alongside profit projections to evaluate the system’s economic viability. Furthermore, thermal optimization was achieved through heat integration strategies, employing a cascade analysis methodology and optimization via the General Algebraic Modeling System (GAMS), yielding an 83% decrease in annual utility expenditures. Comparative analysis revealed that the energy requirement of the optimized system was over 50% lower than that of traditional fossil fuel-based reforming processes. A comprehensive assessment of CO2 emissions demonstrated a significant reduction, with the integration of thermal management solutions facilitating a 99.24% decrease in emissions. The outcomes of this study provide critical insights into the engineering of sustainable, low-carbon energy systems, emphasizing the role of renewable energy technologies in advancing fuel science.
{"title":"Optimizing Renewable Energy Integration for Sustainable Fuel Production: A Techno-Economic Assessment of Dimethyl Ether Synthesis via a Hybrid Microgrid-Hydrogen System","authors":"Mohammed M. Alotaibi, Abdulaziz A. Alturki","doi":"10.3390/fuels5020011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fuels5020011","url":null,"abstract":"This study offers an in-depth analysis and optimization of a microgrid system powered by renewable sources, designed for the efficient production of hydrogen and dimethyl ether—key elements in the transition toward sustainable fuel alternatives. The system architecture incorporates solar photovoltaic modules, advanced battery storage solutions, and electrolytic hydrogen production units, with a targeted reduction in greenhouse gas emissions and the enhancement of overall energy efficiency. A rigorous economic analysis was conducted utilizing the HYSYS V12 software platform and encompassing capital and operational expenditures alongside profit projections to evaluate the system’s economic viability. Furthermore, thermal optimization was achieved through heat integration strategies, employing a cascade analysis methodology and optimization via the General Algebraic Modeling System (GAMS), yielding an 83% decrease in annual utility expenditures. Comparative analysis revealed that the energy requirement of the optimized system was over 50% lower than that of traditional fossil fuel-based reforming processes. A comprehensive assessment of CO2 emissions demonstrated a significant reduction, with the integration of thermal management solutions facilitating a 99.24% decrease in emissions. The outcomes of this study provide critical insights into the engineering of sustainable, low-carbon energy systems, emphasizing the role of renewable energy technologies in advancing fuel science.","PeriodicalId":514548,"journal":{"name":"Fuels","volume":"15 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140969949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kamla Malik, S. Capareda, B. Kamboj, Shweta Malik, Karmal Singh, Sandeep Arya, D. Bishnoi
With increased worldwide energy demand and carbon dioxide emissions from the use of fossil fuels, severe problems are being experienced in modern times. Energy is one of the most important resources for humankind, and its needs have been drastically increasing due to energy consumption, the rapid depletion of fossil fuels, and environmental crises. Therefore, it is important to identify and search for an alternative to fossil fuels that provides energy in a reliable, constant, and sustainable way that could use available energy sources efficiently for alternative renewable sources of fuel that are clean, non-toxic, and eco-friendly. In this way, there is a dire need to develop technologies for biofuel production with a focus on economic feasibility, sustainability, and renewability. Several technologies, such as biological and thermochemical approaches, are derived from abundant renewable biological sources, such as biomass and agricultural waste, using advanced conversion technologies for biofuel production. Biofuels are non-toxic, biodegradable, and recognized as an important sustainable greener energy source to conventional fossil fuels with lower carbon emissions, combat air pollution, empower rural communities, and increase economic growth and energy supply. The purpose of this review is to explain the basic aspects of biofuels and their sustainability criteria, with a particular focus on conversion technologies for biofuel production, challenges, and future perspectives.
{"title":"Biofuels Production: A Review on Sustainable Alternatives to Traditional Fuels and Energy Sources","authors":"Kamla Malik, S. Capareda, B. Kamboj, Shweta Malik, Karmal Singh, Sandeep Arya, D. Bishnoi","doi":"10.3390/fuels5020010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fuels5020010","url":null,"abstract":"With increased worldwide energy demand and carbon dioxide emissions from the use of fossil fuels, severe problems are being experienced in modern times. Energy is one of the most important resources for humankind, and its needs have been drastically increasing due to energy consumption, the rapid depletion of fossil fuels, and environmental crises. Therefore, it is important to identify and search for an alternative to fossil fuels that provides energy in a reliable, constant, and sustainable way that could use available energy sources efficiently for alternative renewable sources of fuel that are clean, non-toxic, and eco-friendly. In this way, there is a dire need to develop technologies for biofuel production with a focus on economic feasibility, sustainability, and renewability. Several technologies, such as biological and thermochemical approaches, are derived from abundant renewable biological sources, such as biomass and agricultural waste, using advanced conversion technologies for biofuel production. Biofuels are non-toxic, biodegradable, and recognized as an important sustainable greener energy source to conventional fossil fuels with lower carbon emissions, combat air pollution, empower rural communities, and increase economic growth and energy supply. The purpose of this review is to explain the basic aspects of biofuels and their sustainability criteria, with a particular focus on conversion technologies for biofuel production, challenges, and future perspectives.","PeriodicalId":514548,"journal":{"name":"Fuels","volume":"62 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141019166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study examined the combined effect of torrefaction and microwave absorbers on improving biomass thermochemical characteristics and grindability for heat, power, and value-added products. Camelina straw in two grinds, ground (6.4 mm screen size) and chopped with biochar addition (0%, 10% and 20%), was torrefied in a bench-scale microwave reactor at torrefaction temperatures of 250 °C and 300 °C with residence times of 10, 15 and 20 min under inert conditions and nitrogen-activated. After torrefaction, the geometric mean particle and size distribution, moisture content, ash content, bulk and particle densities were determined, and the grinding performance values of torrefied ground and chopped with and without biochar were determined and compared with the raw camelina straw. The results showed that the geometric diameter decreased after torrefaction in both grinds. The specific energy required for grinding torrefied biomass decreased significantly with biochar addition, longer residence times, and increased torrefaction temperatures. Torrefied ground camelina straw with biochar after grinding had the lowest grinding energy of 34.30 kJ at 300 °C/20 min. The surface morphology by confocal laser scanning microscopy of torrefied camelina straw particles indicated that biochar addition (>10%) and a torrefaction temperature at 250 °C can create profound surface distortion, and beyond 300 °C, colossal surface damage and carbonized weight fractions were produced.
{"title":"Grindability of Torrefied Camelina Straw and Microparticle Evaluation by Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy for Use as Biofuel","authors":"O. S. Agu, L. Tabil, E. Mupondwa, Bagher Emadi","doi":"10.3390/fuels5020009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fuels5020009","url":null,"abstract":"This study examined the combined effect of torrefaction and microwave absorbers on improving biomass thermochemical characteristics and grindability for heat, power, and value-added products. Camelina straw in two grinds, ground (6.4 mm screen size) and chopped with biochar addition (0%, 10% and 20%), was torrefied in a bench-scale microwave reactor at torrefaction temperatures of 250 °C and 300 °C with residence times of 10, 15 and 20 min under inert conditions and nitrogen-activated. After torrefaction, the geometric mean particle and size distribution, moisture content, ash content, bulk and particle densities were determined, and the grinding performance values of torrefied ground and chopped with and without biochar were determined and compared with the raw camelina straw. The results showed that the geometric diameter decreased after torrefaction in both grinds. The specific energy required for grinding torrefied biomass decreased significantly with biochar addition, longer residence times, and increased torrefaction temperatures. Torrefied ground camelina straw with biochar after grinding had the lowest grinding energy of 34.30 kJ at 300 °C/20 min. The surface morphology by confocal laser scanning microscopy of torrefied camelina straw particles indicated that biochar addition (>10%) and a torrefaction temperature at 250 °C can create profound surface distortion, and beyond 300 °C, colossal surface damage and carbonized weight fractions were produced.","PeriodicalId":514548,"journal":{"name":"Fuels","volume":"11 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140714820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Emanuelle Braga, Luana Damasceno, Chastryane Barros de Sousa Silva, Lucas Silva, Maria Cavalcante, César Barreto, Silvia Silva, F. M. Luna, Luciana Bertini, Tassio Nascimento, Maria Rios
The present study evaluated the applicability of 1H NMR and UV-Vis spectroscopies as analytical techniques for the characterization and determination of biodiesel conversion and for monitoring the oxidative stability of biodiesel samples with antioxidants. For this study, safflower and babassu biodiesels were obtained through transesterification, and physicochemical properties confirmed the success of both reactions. A bench-top accelerated oxidation system was used as an alternative to the Rancimat® method, with samples of 6.0 g heated at 110 ± 5 °C and collected every 2 h for 12 h. The agreement for biodiesel conversions was good, with divergences between 2% and 0.4% for safflower biodiesel and 1.9% for babassu biodiesel. As for UV-Vis spectroscopy, the technique showed the same trend as the Rancimat® method, showing efficiency in evaluating the oxidative stability of safflower biodiesel and in the performance of antioxidants BHT and DMP-30. The accuracy of NMR signals integration for mixtures of safflower oil and safflower biodiesel and the use of UV-Vis spectroscopy associated with a bench-top accelerated oxidation system to investigate the performance of phenolic and amine antioxidants in safflower and babassu biodiesel were explored for the first time, showing results close to the standard methods. Therefore, 1H NMR and UV-Vis spectroscopies could be applied as alternatives to the GC and Rancimat® methods to determine conversion and monitor the oxidative stability of biodiesel rapidly and practically.
{"title":"1H NMR and UV-Vis as Analytical Techniques to Evaluate Biodiesel Conversion and Oxidative Stability","authors":"Emanuelle Braga, Luana Damasceno, Chastryane Barros de Sousa Silva, Lucas Silva, Maria Cavalcante, César Barreto, Silvia Silva, F. M. Luna, Luciana Bertini, Tassio Nascimento, Maria Rios","doi":"10.3390/fuels5010007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fuels5010007","url":null,"abstract":"The present study evaluated the applicability of 1H NMR and UV-Vis spectroscopies as analytical techniques for the characterization and determination of biodiesel conversion and for monitoring the oxidative stability of biodiesel samples with antioxidants. For this study, safflower and babassu biodiesels were obtained through transesterification, and physicochemical properties confirmed the success of both reactions. A bench-top accelerated oxidation system was used as an alternative to the Rancimat® method, with samples of 6.0 g heated at 110 ± 5 °C and collected every 2 h for 12 h. The agreement for biodiesel conversions was good, with divergences between 2% and 0.4% for safflower biodiesel and 1.9% for babassu biodiesel. As for UV-Vis spectroscopy, the technique showed the same trend as the Rancimat® method, showing efficiency in evaluating the oxidative stability of safflower biodiesel and in the performance of antioxidants BHT and DMP-30. The accuracy of NMR signals integration for mixtures of safflower oil and safflower biodiesel and the use of UV-Vis spectroscopy associated with a bench-top accelerated oxidation system to investigate the performance of phenolic and amine antioxidants in safflower and babassu biodiesel were explored for the first time, showing results close to the standard methods. Therefore, 1H NMR and UV-Vis spectroscopies could be applied as alternatives to the GC and Rancimat® methods to determine conversion and monitor the oxidative stability of biodiesel rapidly and practically.","PeriodicalId":514548,"journal":{"name":"Fuels","volume":"286 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140233050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Polyoxymethylene dimethyl ether (PODEn, n ≥ 1) is a promising alternative fuel to diesel with higher reactivity and low soot formation tendency. In this study, PODE3-4 is used as a pilot ignition fuel for methane (CH4) and the combustion characteristics of PODE3-4/CH4 mixtures are investigated numerically using an updated PODE3-4 mechanism. The ignition delay time (IDT) and laminar burning velocity (LBV) of PODE3-4/CH4 blends were calculated at high temperature and high pressure relevant to engine conditions. It is discovered that addition of a small amount of PODE3-4 has a dramatic promotive effect on IDT and LBV of CH4, whereas such a promoting effect decays at higher PODE3-4 addition. Kinetic analysis was performed to gain more insight into the reaction process of PODE3-4/CH4 mixtures at different conditions. In general, the promoting effect originates from the high reactivity of PODE3-4 at low temperatures and it is further confirmed in simulations using a perfectly stirred reactor (PSR) model. The addition of PODE3-4 significantly extends the extinction limit of CH4 from a residence time of ~0.5 ms to that of ~0.08 ms, indicating that the flame stability is enhanced as well by PODE3-4 addition. It is also found that NO formation is reduced in lean or rich flames; moreover, NO formation is inhibited by too short a residence time.
{"title":"Numerical Study of Premixed PODE3-4/CH4 Flames at Engine-Relevant Conditions","authors":"Yupeng Leng, Xiang Ji, Chengcheng Zhang, Nigel Simms, Liming Dai, Chunkan Yu","doi":"10.3390/fuels5010006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fuels5010006","url":null,"abstract":"Polyoxymethylene dimethyl ether (PODEn, n ≥ 1) is a promising alternative fuel to diesel with higher reactivity and low soot formation tendency. In this study, PODE3-4 is used as a pilot ignition fuel for methane (CH4) and the combustion characteristics of PODE3-4/CH4 mixtures are investigated numerically using an updated PODE3-4 mechanism. The ignition delay time (IDT) and laminar burning velocity (LBV) of PODE3-4/CH4 blends were calculated at high temperature and high pressure relevant to engine conditions. It is discovered that addition of a small amount of PODE3-4 has a dramatic promotive effect on IDT and LBV of CH4, whereas such a promoting effect decays at higher PODE3-4 addition. Kinetic analysis was performed to gain more insight into the reaction process of PODE3-4/CH4 mixtures at different conditions. In general, the promoting effect originates from the high reactivity of PODE3-4 at low temperatures and it is further confirmed in simulations using a perfectly stirred reactor (PSR) model. The addition of PODE3-4 significantly extends the extinction limit of CH4 from a residence time of ~0.5 ms to that of ~0.08 ms, indicating that the flame stability is enhanced as well by PODE3-4 addition. It is also found that NO formation is reduced in lean or rich flames; moreover, NO formation is inhibited by too short a residence time.","PeriodicalId":514548,"journal":{"name":"Fuels","volume":"87 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140249592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Shah, Kamaldeep Sharma, T. H. Seehar, S. Toor, J. Sandquist, Inge Saanum, T. Pedersen
Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) is an emerging technology for bio-crude production but faces challenges in determining the optimal temperature for feedstocks depending on the process mode. In this study, three feedstocks—wood, microalgae spirulina (Algae Sp.), and hydrolysis lignin were tested for sub-supercritical HTL at 350 and 400 °C through six batch-scale experiments. An alkali catalyst (K2CO3) was used with wood and hydrolysis lignin, while e (Algae Sp.) was liquefied without catalyst. Further, two experiments were conducted on wood in a Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR) at 350 and 400 °C which provided a batch versus continuous comparison. Results showed Algae Sp. had higher bio-crude yields, followed by wood and lignin. The subcritical temperature of 350 °C yielded more biocrude from all feedstocks than the supercritical range. At 400 °C, a significant change occurred in lignin, with the maximum percentage of solids. Additionally, the supercritical state gave higher values for Higher Heating Values (HHVs) and a greater amount of volatile matter in bio-crude. Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry (GCMS) analysis revealed that phenols dominated the composition of bio-crude derived from wood and hydrolysis lignin, whereas Algae Sp. bio-crude exhibited higher percentages of N-heterocycles and amides. The aqueous phase analysis showed a Total Organic Carbon (TOC) range from 7 to 22 g/L, with Algae Sp. displaying a higher Total Nitrogen (TN) content, ranging from 11 to 13 g/L. The pH levels of all samples were consistently within the alkaline range, except for Wood Cont. 350. In a broader perspective, the subcritical temperature range proved to be advantageous for enhancing bio-crude yield, while the supercritical state improved the quality of the bio-crude.
{"title":"Sub-Supercritical Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Lignocellulose and Protein-Containing Biomass","authors":"A. Shah, Kamaldeep Sharma, T. H. Seehar, S. Toor, J. Sandquist, Inge Saanum, T. Pedersen","doi":"10.3390/fuels5010005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fuels5010005","url":null,"abstract":"Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) is an emerging technology for bio-crude production but faces challenges in determining the optimal temperature for feedstocks depending on the process mode. In this study, three feedstocks—wood, microalgae spirulina (Algae Sp.), and hydrolysis lignin were tested for sub-supercritical HTL at 350 and 400 °C through six batch-scale experiments. An alkali catalyst (K2CO3) was used with wood and hydrolysis lignin, while e (Algae Sp.) was liquefied without catalyst. Further, two experiments were conducted on wood in a Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR) at 350 and 400 °C which provided a batch versus continuous comparison. Results showed Algae Sp. had higher bio-crude yields, followed by wood and lignin. The subcritical temperature of 350 °C yielded more biocrude from all feedstocks than the supercritical range. At 400 °C, a significant change occurred in lignin, with the maximum percentage of solids. Additionally, the supercritical state gave higher values for Higher Heating Values (HHVs) and a greater amount of volatile matter in bio-crude. Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry (GCMS) analysis revealed that phenols dominated the composition of bio-crude derived from wood and hydrolysis lignin, whereas Algae Sp. bio-crude exhibited higher percentages of N-heterocycles and amides. The aqueous phase analysis showed a Total Organic Carbon (TOC) range from 7 to 22 g/L, with Algae Sp. displaying a higher Total Nitrogen (TN) content, ranging from 11 to 13 g/L. The pH levels of all samples were consistently within the alkaline range, except for Wood Cont. 350. In a broader perspective, the subcritical temperature range proved to be advantageous for enhancing bio-crude yield, while the supercritical state improved the quality of the bio-crude.","PeriodicalId":514548,"journal":{"name":"Fuels","volume":"145 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140428552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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