Brain and Language最新文献_第5页

The neural correlates of nominal classification rule learning and their individual differences 名义分类规则学习的神经关联及其个体差异

IF 2.3 2区心理学 Q1 AUDIOLOGY & SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY

Brain and Language

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2025.105654

Diego Elisandro Dardon , Haining Cui , Motoaki Sugiura , Hyeonjeong Jeong

Learning a second language involves not only the acquisition of abstract grammatical rules, such as word order, but also rules based on language-specific semantic distinctions, as seen in nominal classification systems. However, little is known about the neural mechanisms underlying learning of such systems. The present study examined the neural correlates of nominal classification rule learning and the role of individual differences in working memory and language analytic ability. 36 adult Japanese native speakers learned a semi-artificial language incorporating nominal classification rules (animate, small inanimate and large inanimate). Brain activation was measured using fMRI across three learning phases. The results revealed regions related to conceptual/category processing like the right superior temporal gyrus, left precentral gyrus and middle temporal gyrus. In addition, the left middle/superior areas predicted successful learning nominal classification rules. Additionally, working memory capacity negatively correlated with activation in the bilateral thalami, suggesting a potential involvement of working memory. These findings emphasize the importance of examining typologically diverse grammatical rules and provide new insights into the neural mechanisms of rule learning.

学习第二语言不仅涉及抽象语法规则的习得，如词序，而且还涉及基于语言特定语义区别的规则，如名义分类系统。然而，人们对这些系统学习背后的神经机制知之甚少。本研究考察了名义分类规则学习的神经关联，以及个体差异在工作记忆和语言分析能力中的作用。36名以日语为母语的成年人学习了一种半人工语言，其中包含名义分类规则（有生命的、小无生命的和大无生命的）。研究人员使用功能磁共振成像技术测量了三个学习阶段的大脑活动。结果显示，与概念/类别处理相关的区域包括右颞上回、左中央前回和颞中回。此外，左侧中/高级区域预测了名义分类规则的成功学习。此外，工作记忆容量与双侧丘脑的激活负相关，表明工作记忆可能参与其中。这些发现强调了检查不同类型语法规则的重要性，并为规则学习的神经机制提供了新的见解。

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引用次数: 0

Dysgraphia in Japanese patients with primary progressive aphasia 日本原发性进行性失语症患者的书写困难

IF 2.3 2区心理学 Q1 AUDIOLOGY & SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY

Brain and Language

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2025.105655

Shoko Ota , Maki Suzuki , Akihiro Takasaki , Nobuko Kawakami , Keisuke Morihara , Kazuo Kakinuma , Shiho Matsubara , Kazuto Katsuse , Chifumi Iseki , Shigenori Kanno , Manabu Ikeda , Kyoko Suzuki

Dysgraphia in Japanese patients with primary progressive aphasia (PPA) remains underexplored. Japanese writing system–kanji (morphograms) and kana (phonograms)–offers a unique opportunity to study dysgraphia in PPA. We investigated 32 Japanese speakers with PPA: 14 with nonfluent/agrammatic (nfvPPA), 13 with semantic (svPPA), and 5 with logopenic (lvPPA) variants. Writing abilities were assessed through the dictation of 30 kanji and 30 kana words. Patients with nfvPPA exhibited significant kana dysgraphia, reflecting phonological route dysfunction. Kanji dysgraphia predominated in svPPA and lvPPA, with phonologically plausible errors most common in svPPA, indicating orthographic-semantic route impairment. Character stroke errors in kana were more frequent in nfvPPA, possibly reflecting graphemic motor deficits. These findings highlight distinct dysgraphia patterns across PPA subtypes, corresponding to the specific brain regions predominantly impaired in each variant.

日本原发性进行性失语（PPA）患者的书写障碍仍未得到充分研究。日文书写系统-汉字（形态）和假名（音）-提供了一个独特的机会来研究PPA中的书写困难症。我们调查了32名有PPA的日语使用者：14名有非流利/语法变体（nfvPPA）， 13名有语义变体（svPPA）， 5名有词性变体（lvPPA）。通过听写30个汉字和30个假名来评估写作能力。nfvPPA患者表现出明显的假名书写障碍，反映了语音通路功能障碍。汉字书写障碍在svPPA和lvPPA中占主导地位，而语音似是而非的错误在svPPA中最常见，表明正字法语义路径障碍。假名的汉字笔划错误在nfvPPA中更常见，可能反映了书写运动缺陷。这些发现突出了PPA亚型中不同的书写障碍模式，对应于每种变体中主要受损的特定大脑区域。

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引用次数: 0

Juggling with rubber hands, leaping with rubber feet: Sensorimotor reuse during verb comprehension 橡胶手杂耍，橡胶脚跳跃：动词理解过程中感觉运动的再利用

IF 2.3 2区心理学 Q1 AUDIOLOGY & SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY

Brain and Language

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2025.105639

Suesan MacRae , Heath E. Matheson

Theories of embodied and grounded cognition suggest that the reuse of sensorimotor information supports word comprehension. In the current study, we induced body ownership illusions of the hands and feet (and related control conditions) while participants categorized verbs related to the hands and feet. Using representational similarity analysis (RSA) we demonstrate that sensorimotor information is decodable during verb categorization at around 600 ms in control conditions and around 400 ms for hand related verbs specifically. Further, the pattern of sensorimotor activity elicited during verb categorization is altered when participants experience body ownership illusions; decoding is earlier when sensorimotor information was pre-activated with illusions. Overall, our results suggest that preactivating sensorimotor information alters the neural dynamics supporting verb comprehension, providing evidence for a neurocognitive process that reuses sensorimotor information. These results contribute to the development of models for embodied and grounded cognition and provide insight into the dynamics of neural reuse.

具身认知理论和基础认知理论认为，感觉运动信息的再利用有助于词汇理解。在本研究中，我们诱导了手脚的身体所有权幻觉（以及相关的控制条件），同时参与者对与手脚相关的动词进行分类。利用表征相似度分析（RSA），我们证明了在动词分类过程中，感觉运动信息在控制条件下约600毫秒可解码，而在手部相关动词分类过程中约400毫秒可解码。此外，当参与者经历身体所有权幻觉时，在动词分类过程中引发的感觉运动活动模式发生了改变；当感觉运动信息被幻觉预先激活时，解码就会提前。总的来说，我们的研究结果表明，预激活感觉运动信息改变了支持动词理解的神经动力学，为重复使用感觉运动信息的神经认知过程提供了证据。这些结果有助于具身认知和基础认知模型的发展，并为神经重用的动力学提供了见解。

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引用次数: 0

Electrophysiological correlates of meaning-based attentional guidance mechanism as a function of cognitive loads in visual search for words 视觉词搜索中基于意义的注意引导机制与认知负荷的电生理关联

IF 2.3 2区心理学 Q1 AUDIOLOGY & SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY

Brain and Language

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2025.105642

Julien Dampure , Horacio A. Barber

This study investigates the impact of foveal and task-related cognitive loads on meaning-based attentional guidance during visual search for words. Participants searched for words through successive three-words displays while their electroencephalogram was recorded. In target-absent trials, displays contained a central word and two parafoveal words: one distractor semantically-related to the target and one unrelated distractor. To manipulate the task-related cognitive load, participants either searched for specific words either provided beforehand (literal task) or defined only by their semantic category (categorical task). The foveal load was manipulated by varying both the lexical frequency and the semantic-relatedness with the targets of the centered word in the three-words displays. Results indicated that in the literal task, when cognitive load was low, parafoveal distractor words semantically-related to the target triggered faster attentional responses as reflected in increased P2a amplitude, while increasing foveal load delayed parafoveal semantic processing, as shown by N3 and N400 modulations. In contrast, the categorical task, characterized by higher task-related cognitive demands, showed limited evidence of parafoveal semantic processing. Rather, word processing seemed to be focused on deeper processing of central words, as evidenced by N400 variations. Altogether, this work contributes to understanding the interplay between semantic and attentional mechanisms in visual search, highlighting the influence of cognitive resources on visual word processing. Moreover, the findings suggest that covert and overt attention may follow distinct temporal dynamics in parafoveal semantic processing, underscoring the importance of considering task demands and spatial factors when comparing visual search and reading.

本研究探讨了视觉词搜索过程中中央凹和任务相关的认知负荷对基于意义的注意引导的影响。参与者通过连续的三个单词显示来搜索单词，同时记录他们的脑电图。在目标缺失试验中，显示包含一个中心词和两个旁中央凹词：一个与目标语义相关的分心物和一个不相关的分心物。为了控制与任务相关的认知负荷，参与者要么搜索事先提供的特定单词（字面任务），要么搜索仅由其语义类别定义的特定单词（分类任务）。中央凹负荷是通过改变三词显示中中心词的词频和与目标词的语义相关性来控制的。结果表明，在文字任务中，认知负荷低时，与目标语义相关的旁中央凹分心词触发的注意反应更快，表现为P2a振幅增加，而增加的中央凹负荷延迟了旁中央凹语义加工，表现为N3和N400调制。相比之下，具有更高任务相关认知要求的分类任务显示出有限的旁中央凹语义加工证据。相反，正如N400变体所证明的那样，文字处理似乎侧重于对中心词的更深层次处理。总之，这项工作有助于理解视觉搜索中语义和注意机制之间的相互作用，突出了认知资源对视觉文字处理的影响。此外，研究结果表明，隐性和显性注意力在旁中央凹语义加工中可能遵循不同的时间动态，这强调了在比较视觉搜索和阅读时考虑任务需求和空间因素的重要性。

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引用次数: 0

Developmental differences in L1 and L2 text comprehension: An ERP study 母语和二语文本理解的发展差异：一个ERP研究

IF 2.3 2区心理学 Q1 AUDIOLOGY & SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY

Brain and Language

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2025.105644

Ana I. Pérez, Nuria Montoro, Almudena Ortega, Carmen Aguirre, Giulia Togato, Mª Teresa Bajo

Text comprehension relies on high-level cognitive processes. These processes might be challenging for young readers, especially when comprehension takes place in a non-native language, an issue that remains unexplored. Twenty-four children and twenty-six adolescent early sequential bilinguals, were presented with narratives in L1-Spanish and L2-English. Each text biased an initial inference (“baby”), which then required either literal (“The little cat…”) or inferential (“The little animal − meow…”) monitoring. Processing times at this sentence suggested less efficient comprehension monitoring in the L2, mainly with inferential information. Moreover, in a final sentence, either literal or inferential (depending on the previous sentence) revision was assessed by ERP to a disambiguating word (“cat”). N400 amplitude showed that adolescents semantically integrated the alternative concept into their situation model only in the native language, but not during L2 comprehension. Crucially, children struggled to do so in both languages. In contrast, the P600 suggested that children in the native language and adolescents in both languages performed semantic reanalyses by reducing interference from the no longer valid initial interpretation. Our findings indicate a complex interplay between development and bilingualism in the ability to revise a situation model during text comprehension.

文本理解依赖于高层次的认知过程。这些过程对年轻的读者来说可能是具有挑战性的，特别是当用非母语进行理解时，这是一个尚未探索的问题。24名儿童和26名青少年早期顺序双语者，以l1 -西班牙语和l2 -英语进行叙述。每个文本都有一个初始推理（“婴儿”），然后需要字面上的（“小猫……”）或推理（“小动物-喵喵……”）监控。这句话的处理时间表明第二语言的理解监测效率较低，主要是推理信息。此外，在最后一个句子中，通过ERP评估对消歧义词（“cat”）的字面或推理（取决于前一个句子）修订。N400振幅表明，青少年仅在母语情境模型中语义整合了替代概念，而在二语理解过程中则没有。至关重要的是，孩子们用两种语言都很难做到这一点。相比之下，P600表明母语儿童和两种语言青少年通过减少不再有效的初始解释的干扰来进行语义重新分析。我们的研究结果表明，在文本理解过程中修改情境模型的能力与双语能力之间存在复杂的相互作用。

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引用次数: 0

Language-specific regions in the supplementary motor area: Evidence from verb generation during electrical stimulation mapping 辅助运动区的语言特异性区域：电刺激映射过程中动词生成的证据

IF 2.3 2区心理学 Q1 AUDIOLOGY & SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY

Brain and Language

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2025.105641

Mireia Hernández , Anna Gasa-Roqué , Alba Gómez-Andres , Ruth Lau , Inmaculada Rico , Montserrat Juncadella , Àngels Camins , Antoni Rodríguez-Fornells , Andreu Gabarrós

Language representation has been attributed to the perisylvian areas of the left hemisphere, with a more widely distributed network in multilingual populations. However, multilingual evidence has long obviated the involvement of regions outside classical perisylvian areas, such as the supplementary motor area (SMA). We aimed to provide novel evidence on the SMA’s role in language localization using electrical stimulation mapping (ESM) during awake brain surgery. We conducted a case-series study of 4 bilingual or multilingual patients with an expansive brain lesion near the SMA who underwent an ESM. Our results evidenced that the stimulation of the left-SMA induced language difficulties during a verb generation task, with a higher proportion of language-specific sites in the pre-SMA region. Moreover, we reported specific language sites for multiple acquired languages. Overall, our study highlighted the SMA as a language-eloquent area, likely linked to lexical decisions, while also being sensitive to different—but not necessarily all—languages of a patient.

语言表征被归因于左半球的外围区域，在多语言人群中具有更广泛的分布网络。然而，多语言证据长期以来一直排除了经典外围区域以外的区域，如辅助运动区（SMA）的参与。我们的目的是在清醒的脑外科手术中使用电刺激映射（ESM）为SMA在语言定位中的作用提供新的证据。我们对4例双语或多语患者进行了病例系列研究，这些患者在SMA附近有扩张性脑病变，并接受了ESM。我们的研究结果证明，在动词生成任务中，左侧sma的刺激导致语言困难，在sma前区域的语言特异性位点比例更高。此外，我们还报道了多种习得语言的特定语言位点。总的来说，我们的研究强调SMA是一个语言表达区域，可能与词汇决策有关，同时也对患者的不同语言敏感，但不一定是所有语言。

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引用次数: 0

Recursive self-feedback enables target language production in aphasia with pathological language mixing 递归自我反馈使病理性语言混合失语症的目标语产生成为可能

IF 2.3 2区心理学 Q1 AUDIOLOGY & SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY

Brain and Language

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 Epub Date: 2025-08-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2025.105633

Gerald C. Imaezue , Celine Davis , Krishna Veni Maram , David Ajayi , Mira Goral

Stroke in bilingual adults can lead to aphasia with pathological language mixing (PLM), a rare neurological condition with limited treatment options. Recursive self-feedback (RSF) offers a self-directed approach, allowing individuals with PLM to iteratively self-monitor and correct their language mixing independently. We demonstrated the effects of RSF in a 59-year-old female bilingual speaker of Spanish and English (Patient P3) with severe Broca’s aphasia and PLM, 67-months poststroke. Over 14 intensive RSF sessions (2 h/day, 5 days/week, for 3 weeks), P3 used a mobile app to self-correct her mixing errors and increase the proportion of English words in her spontaneous speech. Post-treatment assessments showed improvements across both treated and untreated narrative prompts, with an 11-point increase in her Aphasia Quotient on the English version of the Western Aphasia Battery-Revised. These findings demonstrate that RSF enables target language production, yielding clinically meaningful language recovery in P3 without external cueing, modelling or feedback. RSF is a promising procedure for aphasia therapy, opening new pathways for targeting language access, control and recovery in aphasia and PLM.

双语成人中风可导致病理性语言混合失语症（PLM），这是一种罕见的神经系统疾病，治疗方案有限。递归自我反馈（RSF）提供了一种自我导向的方法，允许使用PLM的个人迭代地自我监控并独立地纠正他们的语言混合。我们在一名59岁的西班牙语和英语双语女性患者（患者P3）中证实了RSF的效果，该患者患有严重的Broca失语症和PLM，中风后67个月。经过14次密集的RSF训练（每天2小时，每周5天，持续3周），P3使用手机应用程序自我纠正她的混合错误，并增加了英语单词在她自发讲话中的比例。治疗后的评估显示，在接受治疗和未接受治疗的情况下，她的叙事提示都有所改善，在英语版本的《西方失语电池修订版》中，她的失语商数增加了11分。这些发现表明，RSF能够产生目标语言，在没有外部提示、建模或反馈的情况下，在P3中产生具有临床意义的语言恢复。RSF是一种很有前景的失语治疗方法，为针对失语和PLM的语言获取、控制和恢复开辟了新的途径。

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引用次数: 0

From eye to cortex: Tracing the neurocognitive dynamics of bilingual novel word acquisition 从眼睛到大脑皮层：双语小说词汇习得的神经认知动态追踪

IF 2.3 2区心理学 Q1 AUDIOLOGY & SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY

Brain and Language

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 Epub Date: 2025-08-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2025.105632

Yang Fu , Jing Yang , Beatriz Bermúdez-Margaretto , Huili Wang , Damian Enrique Jan Cordón , Alberto Domínguez

The current study examined how native language (L1) orthographic features influence bilinguals’ ability to rapidly form new representations for second-language (L2) written word forms. We assessed eye movements, neural activity, and behavioral performance in sequential bilinguals with L1-L2 orthographical pairs within (Spanish-English) and across (Mandarin Chinese-English) writing systems. Participants were trained on novel English words embedded in naturalistic sentence contexts, followed by a two-day post-training session. Analyses of eye-movement variables, fixation-related potentials, and learning outcomes revealed that Spanish-English bilinguals exhibited more automatic lexical encoding of novel words, reflected in shorter fixations and attenuated early neural responses, whereas Chinese-English bilinguals maintained prolonged attentional engagement across exposures. These divergent exposure-related dynamics predicted post-training performance, with Spanish bilinguals showing greater gains after consolidation. The findings suggest that the neuroplasticity underlying L2 word learning is shaped by pre-existing cortical circuits for native linguistic features, leading to different neural strategies for forming new lexical representations.

目前的研究考察了母语（L1）正字法特征如何影响双语者快速形成第二语言（L2）书面单词形式的新表征的能力。我们评估了在（西班牙-英语）和（汉语-英语）书写系统中使用L1-L2拼写对的顺序双语者的眼球运动、神经活动和行为表现。参与者接受了包含在自然句子语境中的新英语单词的培训，随后是为期两天的培训后课程。对眼动变量、注视相关电位和学习结果的分析表明，西班牙-英语双语者在新单词的自动词汇编码上表现得更强，反映在更短的注视和减弱的早期神经反应上，而中-英语双语者在不同的接触中保持更长的注意参与。这些不同的与暴露相关的动态预测了训练后的表现，西班牙双语者在巩固后表现出更大的进步。研究结果表明，二语词汇学习背后的神经可塑性是由针对母语语言特征的预先存在的皮层回路塑造的，从而导致形成新的词汇表征的不同神经策略。

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引用次数: 0

Interhemispheric functional connectivity of the ventral occipitotemporal cortex supports Chinese reading 腹侧枕颞叶皮层的功能连接支持中文阅读

IF 2.3 2区心理学 Q1 AUDIOLOGY & SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY

Brain and Language

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 Epub Date: 2025-08-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2025.105634

Xinqi Su , Lala Gu , Rui Hu , XiaoXue Feng , Aqian Li , Jingyu Yang , Leilei Mei

Previous studies have revealed the involvement of the bilateral ventral occipitotemporal cortex (vOT) in word reading, especially in Chinese character reading. However, the interhemispheric communication mechanisms of the bilateral vOT and how they work in Chinese character reading have not been fully investigated. Two experiments were conducted in this study to address those questions using resting-state and task-based fMRI. Experiment 1 revealed stronger interhemispheric resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) in the posterior vOT subregion compared to the middle and anterior subregions and a significant positive correlation with Chinese reading efficiency in the posterior subregion. Experiment 2 further explored the effective connectivity in the Chinese rhythm and semantic judgment tasks using dynamic causal model analysis. Results showed significant interhemispheric intrinsic connections similar to those in the resting state in the posterior subregion and right-to-left modulatory connections in the middle and anterior subregions. In addition, stronger right-to-left modulatory connectivity in the anterior subregion was associated with better behavioral performance in the semantic judgment task. These convergent findings highlight the importance of interhemispheric communication of the bilateral vOT in Chinese character reading.

已有研究表明，双侧腹侧枕颞皮质（vOT）参与文字阅读，尤其是汉字阅读。然而，双侧vOT的脑间交流机制及其在汉字阅读中的作用尚未得到充分的研究。为了解决这些问题，本研究使用静息状态和任务型功能磁共振成像进行了两个实验。实验1显示，脑后区静息状态功能连通性较中前区强，且与中文阅读效率显著正相关。实验2利用动态因果模型分析进一步探讨了汉语节奏判断任务和语义判断任务的有效连通性。结果显示，脑后亚区存在与静息状态相似的内在连接，中前亚区存在与静息状态相似的左-右调节连接。此外，前亚区左右调节连通性强与语义判断任务中较好的行为表现相关。这些趋同的研究结果突出了双侧vOT在汉字阅读中半球间交流的重要性。

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引用次数: 0

Categorical perception of the index finger as an American Sign Language phonological construct 食指作为美国手语语音结构的范畴知觉

IF 2.3 2区心理学 Q1 AUDIOLOGY & SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY

Brain and Language

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 Epub Date: 2025-08-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2025.105631

LaReina Hingson, Jeffrey J. Green, Brooklyn Lorenc

In American Sign Language, specific handshapes found in the manual alphabet and/or numbering system (such as the pointed index finger—the number “1”—and its bent counterpart—the letter “x”) are assumed to be phonologically distinct under the rationale that bentness of the finger(s) constitutes a phonemic distinctive feature. This study investigates this notion, building on previous behavioral studies of American Sign Language categorical perception of bentness of the index finger. We examined varying levels of bentness between 180° and 90° using a scale ranging from the signs BLACK and SUMMER in the standard dialect. Experiment 1 found that when presented with all levels of bentness, signing participants identified a categorical boundary around 130°. Experiment 2 used EEG to investigate vMMN and P300 responses to within-category and between-category oddballs. This is the first study to our knowledge to use EEG to investigates categorical perception in ASL. The results of Experiment 2 indicated that signing participants did not consistently agree on the 130° boundary, citing a “lack of context” to identify the sign. However, those signing participants who consistently categorized signs according to the boundary determined in Experiment 1 showed stronger P300 responses to between-category differences than to within-category differences. However, even these participants showed no CP effects in the vMMN. This, combined with individual variation in where the category boundary lies, suggests that CP bentness may be a weaker phonological feature in ASL than spoken phonemic features, or may instead be a phonetic, not phonological, feature.

在美国手语中，在手工字母表和/或数字系统中发现的特定手势（如食指指向数字“1”和食指弯曲的字母“x”）被认为在音系上是不同的，理由是手指的弯曲构成了音系上的独特特征。本研究调查了这一概念，建立在之前的美国手语的弯曲的分类知觉食指的行为研究。我们检查了180°和90°之间的不同程度的弯曲，使用的尺度从标准方言中的黑色和夏天的标志。实验1发现，当呈现各种程度的弯曲时，签名参与者识别出130°左右的分类边界。实验2利用脑电图研究了vMMN和P300对类别内和类别间古怪球的反应。据我们所知，这是第一次使用脑电图来研究美国手语的分类知觉。实验2的结果表明，手语参与者并不一致同意130°的边界，理由是“缺乏上下文”来识别手势。然而，一贯按照实验1中确定的边界对手势进行分类的手语参与者，其P300对类别间差异的反应强于对类别内差异的反应。然而，即使这些参与者在vMMN中也没有表现出CP效应。结合范畴边界所在位置的个体差异，这表明CP弯曲可能是美国手语中较弱的音位特征，而不是口语音位特征，或者可能是语音特征，而不是音位特征。

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引用次数: 0