Climate Change Armor is a collection of adaptive flood attenuation mechanisms for protecting newly designed communities from flood events and the eventual impacts of sea level rise. League City, TX is used as an application site. NOAA predicts that sea levels will increase and storm surge will become more frequent along the Texas coast. In the Gulf Coast, sea level projects to rise up to 629 feet by 2100. The Climate Change Armor Toolkit comprises both structural and non-structural mechanisms which are either engineered to block and control heavy floods or rely on natural systems and green infrastructure to attenuate flood waters from frequent storms or hazard flood events. With the application of the Armor Toolkit, 221,921 cubic feet of runoff can be captured, nearly 2,400 new residents are protected, over 3,000 jobs are created, $23 million in physical flood damage can be avoided, and approximately $1.3 billion can be generated in the life cycle benefits of the newly designed community by 2100.
“气候变化盔甲”是一系列自适应洪水衰减机制的集合，用于保护新设计的社区免受洪水事件和海平面上升的最终影响。League City, TX作为应用站点。美国国家海洋和大气管理局预测，海平面将会上升，德克萨斯州海岸的风暴潮将更加频繁。在墨西哥湾沿岸，海平面预计到2100年将上升到629英尺。“气候变化装甲工具包”包括结构性和非结构性机制，这些机制可以用来阻挡和控制大洪水，也可以依靠自然系统和绿色基础设施来减弱频繁风暴或洪水灾害造成的洪水。通过Armor Toolkit的应用，可以捕获221,921立方英尺的径流，保护近2,400名新居民，创造3,000多个就业机会，可以避免2300万美元的物理洪水损失，到2100年，新设计社区的生命周期效益可以产生约13亿美元。
{"title":"Climate Change Armor.","authors":"Galen Newman, Zixu Qiao","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Climate Change Armor is a collection of adaptive flood attenuation mechanisms for protecting newly designed communities from flood events and the eventual impacts of sea level rise. League City, TX is used as an application site. NOAA predicts that sea levels will increase and storm surge will become more frequent along the Texas coast. In the Gulf Coast, sea level projects to rise up to 629 feet by 2100. The Climate Change Armor Toolkit comprises both structural and non-structural mechanisms which are either engineered to block and control heavy floods or rely on natural systems and green infrastructure to attenuate flood waters from frequent storms or hazard flood events. With the application of the Armor Toolkit, 221,921 cubic feet of runoff can be captured, nearly 2,400 new residents are protected, over 3,000 jobs are created, $23 million in physical flood damage can be avoided, and approximately $1.3 billion can be generated in the life cycle benefits of the newly designed community by 2100.</p>","PeriodicalId":69201,"journal":{"name":"城市设计","volume":"19 5","pages":"50-63"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6342505/pdf/nihms-1002374.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36938409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-09-01DOI: 10.1109/OPTIM.2015.7426966
P. Rafajdus, A. Peniak, M. Diko, J. Makarovic, Peter Dubravka, V. Hrabovcová
This paper deals with the comparison of two different switched reluctance motors (SRM) designs and their losses and efficiencies from point of view of their using in electrical car. The first is an optimized three phase 18/12 SRM with concentrated windings and the second one is a new concept of SRM with segmented stator 12/8 SSRM. The design both of them is carried out on the base of analytical methods, finite element method and simulations to obtain of their static and dynamic performances. The losses in a SRM consist mainly of stator winding losses and core losses. The losses and efficiency are calculated on the base of known equations and input values are taken from simulations. Finally, the results of losses and efficiency are presented.
{"title":"Efficiency and losses analysis in switched reluctance motors for electric vehicles","authors":"P. Rafajdus, A. Peniak, M. Diko, J. Makarovic, Peter Dubravka, V. Hrabovcová","doi":"10.1109/OPTIM.2015.7426966","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OPTIM.2015.7426966","url":null,"abstract":"This paper deals with the comparison of two different switched reluctance motors (SRM) designs and their losses and efficiencies from point of view of their using in electrical car. The first is an optimized three phase 18/12 SRM with concentrated windings and the second one is a new concept of SRM with segmented stator 12/8 SSRM. The design both of them is carried out on the base of analytical methods, finite element method and simulations to obtain of their static and dynamic performances. The losses in a SRM consist mainly of stator winding losses and core losses. The losses and efficiency are calculated on the base of known equations and input values are taken from simulations. Finally, the results of losses and efficiency are presented.","PeriodicalId":69201,"journal":{"name":"城市设计","volume":"27 1","pages":"705-710"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75439121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-09-01DOI: 10.1109/OPTIM.2015.7426990
C. Oprea, C. Martis, Petru Cristinel Irimia, C. Husar, M. Grovu
The intent of this paper is to present an electromagnetic and structural study of a Synchronous Reluctance Machine. While most literature on the SynRM only considers the influence of rotor and stator geometry on the electromagnetic behavior of the machine, this paper introduces a combined approach, considering also the stress field in the machine's rotor due to inertial loads. The analysis is made for different construction solutions at different rotation speeds. The validation of static design is carried out with FEA solution. Some recommendations are made regarding possible solutions.
{"title":"Electromagnetic and structural analysis of a Synchronous Reluctance Machine","authors":"C. Oprea, C. Martis, Petru Cristinel Irimia, C. Husar, M. Grovu","doi":"10.1109/OPTIM.2015.7426990","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OPTIM.2015.7426990","url":null,"abstract":"The intent of this paper is to present an electromagnetic and structural study of a Synchronous Reluctance Machine. While most literature on the SynRM only considers the influence of rotor and stator geometry on the electromagnetic behavior of the machine, this paper introduces a combined approach, considering also the stress field in the machine's rotor due to inertial loads. The analysis is made for different construction solutions at different rotation speeds. The validation of static design is carried out with FEA solution. Some recommendations are made regarding possible solutions.","PeriodicalId":69201,"journal":{"name":"城市设计","volume":"37 1","pages":"564-569"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75670301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-09-01DOI: 10.1109/OPTIM.2015.7427029
B. Ruddy, A. Taberner, J. Boyce-Bacon
We present a scaling model for linear permanent magnet synchronous motors applied to needle-free jet injection, a drug delivery technique that requires the generation of high fluid pressures. This model shows that either the motor stroke or the motor constant can be increased to reduce the electrical power required to perform an injection. We then present computationally efficient semi-analytical field solutions for a tubular linear synchronous motor, and use them to develop optimized motor designs for minimal jet injection power. A finite-permeability solution is developed and compared to both finite element results and a simplified infinite-permeability solution to validate the model and to establish criteria for choosing the back-iron thickness. We find that optimal jet injector motor configurations favor long stroke lengths, even at the expense of motor constant. However, designs constrained to physically reasonable motor lengths still offer an order of magnitude reduction in input power as compared to existing voice-coil-driven injection systems.
{"title":"Optimization of linear permanent magnet synchronous motors for needle-free jet injection","authors":"B. Ruddy, A. Taberner, J. Boyce-Bacon","doi":"10.1109/OPTIM.2015.7427029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OPTIM.2015.7427029","url":null,"abstract":"We present a scaling model for linear permanent magnet synchronous motors applied to needle-free jet injection, a drug delivery technique that requires the generation of high fluid pressures. This model shows that either the motor stroke or the motor constant can be increased to reduce the electrical power required to perform an injection. We then present computationally efficient semi-analytical field solutions for a tubular linear synchronous motor, and use them to develop optimized motor designs for minimal jet injection power. A finite-permeability solution is developed and compared to both finite element results and a simplified infinite-permeability solution to validate the model and to establish criteria for choosing the back-iron thickness. We find that optimal jet injector motor configurations favor long stroke lengths, even at the expense of motor constant. However, designs constrained to physically reasonable motor lengths still offer an order of magnitude reduction in input power as compared to existing voice-coil-driven injection systems.","PeriodicalId":69201,"journal":{"name":"城市设计","volume":"38 1","pages":"375-381"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75349646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-09-01DOI: 10.1109/OPTIM.2015.7427036
A. Bozkurt, K. Erkan, O. Guney
In this study, a flexible conveyance system driven by linear motors and hybrid magnets for magnetic levitation is proposed. For modelling purposes, nonlinear analytic models are derived and extended to 3 axis of movement and controlled with those nonlinear equations. For energy efficiency, each pole is controlled with voltage driving zero power levitation method. Since the system only has displacement sensors for feedback, to fully control and understand the systems characteristics and disturbances, all axis are observed by disturbance observer and integrated to controller algorithm for better response and robustness, which is achieved multiplying the disturbance observer's output with system gain and feedforwarded. The proposed system and control algorithms are well confirmed by numerical results.
{"title":"Zero power control of a 3 DOF levitated multiple hybrid electromagnet flexible conveyor system","authors":"A. Bozkurt, K. Erkan, O. Guney","doi":"10.1109/OPTIM.2015.7427036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OPTIM.2015.7427036","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, a flexible conveyance system driven by linear motors and hybrid magnets for magnetic levitation is proposed. For modelling purposes, nonlinear analytic models are derived and extended to 3 axis of movement and controlled with those nonlinear equations. For energy efficiency, each pole is controlled with voltage driving zero power levitation method. Since the system only has displacement sensors for feedback, to fully control and understand the systems characteristics and disturbances, all axis are observed by disturbance observer and integrated to controller algorithm for better response and robustness, which is achieved multiplying the disturbance observer's output with system gain and feedforwarded. The proposed system and control algorithms are well confirmed by numerical results.","PeriodicalId":69201,"journal":{"name":"城市设计","volume":"211 5 1","pages":"570-575"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75745967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-09-01DOI: 10.1109/OPTIM.2015.7426750
V. Boicea, R. Porumb, T. Leonida
The integration of renewables in the distribution grid has come to play an important role during the last decade. One of the ways to do it efficient is through grid reconfiguration for power loss reduction since reconfigurable networks with low resistive losses accept more intermittent renewable generation than static ones. Thus, in this paper two reconfiguration methods for a distribution network with 4 supply nodes are studied: The Deterministic Iterative Improvement and The Simulated Annealing.
{"title":"Loss minimum reconfiguration through Deterministic Iterative Improvement and Simulated Annealing","authors":"V. Boicea, R. Porumb, T. Leonida","doi":"10.1109/OPTIM.2015.7426750","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OPTIM.2015.7426750","url":null,"abstract":"The integration of renewables in the distribution grid has come to play an important role during the last decade. One of the ways to do it efficient is through grid reconfiguration for power loss reduction since reconfigurable networks with low resistive losses accept more intermittent renewable generation than static ones. Thus, in this paper two reconfiguration methods for a distribution network with 4 supply nodes are studied: The Deterministic Iterative Improvement and The Simulated Annealing.","PeriodicalId":69201,"journal":{"name":"城市设计","volume":"47 1","pages":"552-557"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73992313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-09-01DOI: 10.1109/OPTIM.2015.7427006
Serkan Ozturk, Isik Cadirci
In this paper, the design of a microcontroller-based control scheme for grid-tie photovoltaic (PV) microinverters using Direct Digital Synthesis (DDS) technique has been presented. The proposed control scheme based on DDS technique has capabilities such as, phase locked-loop generation, maximum power point tracking, anti-islanding and fault ride-through capability, which are essential requirements for a grid connected inverter. These features can satisfactorily be integrated within the software of a low cost microcontroller, thus resulting in a generalized and flexible system. This control scheme, when applied to a microinverter, meets all the required functions of a PV grid-tie microinverter.
{"title":"A generalized control approach for photovoltaic grid-tie microinverters","authors":"Serkan Ozturk, Isik Cadirci","doi":"10.1109/OPTIM.2015.7427006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OPTIM.2015.7427006","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, the design of a microcontroller-based control scheme for grid-tie photovoltaic (PV) microinverters using Direct Digital Synthesis (DDS) technique has been presented. The proposed control scheme based on DDS technique has capabilities such as, phase locked-loop generation, maximum power point tracking, anti-islanding and fault ride-through capability, which are essential requirements for a grid connected inverter. These features can satisfactorily be integrated within the software of a low cost microcontroller, thus resulting in a generalized and flexible system. This control scheme, when applied to a microinverter, meets all the required functions of a PV grid-tie microinverter.","PeriodicalId":69201,"journal":{"name":"城市设计","volume":"24 1","pages":"800-806"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72737395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-09-01DOI: 10.1109/OPTIM.2015.7426752
A. Busca-Forcos, C. Marinescu, C. Busca, I. Serban, R. Teodorescu
A clear focus is nowadays on developing and improving the energy storage technologies. Pumped storage is a well-established one, and is capable of enhancing the integration of renewable energy sources. Pumped storage has an efficiency between 70-80%, and each of its elements affects it. Increased efficiency is desired especially when operating with renewable energy systems, which present low energy conversion factor (up to 50% - performance coefficient for wind turbines, and efficiency up to 40% for photovoltaic systems). In this paper the most efficient operation points of the induction motors in pumped storage systems are established. The variable speed operation of the pumped storage systems and motor loading conditions for pump applications have been the key factors for achieving the purpose of the paper.
{"title":"Induction motors most efficient operation points in pumped storage systems","authors":"A. Busca-Forcos, C. Marinescu, C. Busca, I. Serban, R. Teodorescu","doi":"10.1109/OPTIM.2015.7426752","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OPTIM.2015.7426752","url":null,"abstract":"A clear focus is nowadays on developing and improving the energy storage technologies. Pumped storage is a well-established one, and is capable of enhancing the integration of renewable energy sources. Pumped storage has an efficiency between 70-80%, and each of its elements affects it. Increased efficiency is desired especially when operating with renewable energy systems, which present low energy conversion factor (up to 50% - performance coefficient for wind turbines, and efficiency up to 40% for photovoltaic systems). In this paper the most efficient operation points of the induction motors in pumped storage systems are established. The variable speed operation of the pumped storage systems and motor loading conditions for pump applications have been the key factors for achieving the purpose of the paper.","PeriodicalId":69201,"journal":{"name":"城市设计","volume":"22 1","pages":"669-674"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78602662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-09-01DOI: 10.1109/OPTIM.2015.7426977
Y. Yakut, S. Sunter, M. Ozdemir
Permanent magnet synchronous machines are used in many industrial applications today. In particular, depending on the developments in magnetic materials, permanent magnet synchronous motors rapidly developing in recent years have found themselves a widespread coverage in applications because of their outstanding features. When the research in the literature is surveyed, it is observed that the vector control of electrical machines is done by means of various methods. One of the most common applications of artificial intelligence used in the analysis of electrical machines is Neuro-Fuzzy, a combination of Fuzzy Logic and Neural Network. In this paper, the vector control of PMSM fed by a matrix converter is modeled and simulated by using PI controllers and Neuro-Fuzzy, one of the intelligent methods. Waveforms derived from the simulation of the vector control of PMSM fed by a matrix converter were examined comparatively for PI and Neurofuzzy controllers.
{"title":"Comparation of PI and Neural Fuzzy based closed loop control methods for permanent magnet synchronous motor fed by matrix converter","authors":"Y. Yakut, S. Sunter, M. Ozdemir","doi":"10.1109/OPTIM.2015.7426977","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OPTIM.2015.7426977","url":null,"abstract":"Permanent magnet synchronous machines are used in many industrial applications today. In particular, depending on the developments in magnetic materials, permanent magnet synchronous motors rapidly developing in recent years have found themselves a widespread coverage in applications because of their outstanding features. When the research in the literature is surveyed, it is observed that the vector control of electrical machines is done by means of various methods. One of the most common applications of artificial intelligence used in the analysis of electrical machines is Neuro-Fuzzy, a combination of Fuzzy Logic and Neural Network. In this paper, the vector control of PMSM fed by a matrix converter is modeled and simulated by using PI controllers and Neuro-Fuzzy, one of the intelligent methods. Waveforms derived from the simulation of the vector control of PMSM fed by a matrix converter were examined comparatively for PI and Neurofuzzy controllers.","PeriodicalId":69201,"journal":{"name":"城市设计","volume":"37 1","pages":"399-405"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81582191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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