Peak shift is a universal result of most discrimination learning: if an organism is taught to respond to one stimulus and not to respond to another stimulus lying along the same perceptual continuum, it shows maximal responsiveness not to the target stimulus but to a stimulus displaced along the continuum in a direction away from the unreinforced stimulus. It also responds more vigorously to the displaced stimulus than it would have to the target stimulus had discrimination training not occurred. This is the phenomenon of behavioral contrast. On the level of preference, peak shift means that if we prefer something, we shall like something a bit more extreme even more. Peak shift and behavioral contrast are probably the most important causes of sound change in language, but this has never been pointed out. The relevance of peak shift and behavioral contrast to phonological change is explained. Their most general consequence is that the phonetic realization of phonemes is usually in a continual state of evo...
{"title":"Peak Shift, Behavioral Contrast, and Phonological Evolution with Explanations of the Great English Vowel Shift and Grimm's Law","authors":"C. Martindale","doi":"10.1556/JCEP.4.2006.1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1556/JCEP.4.2006.1.1","url":null,"abstract":"Peak shift is a universal result of most discrimination learning: if an organism is taught to respond to one stimulus and not to respond to another stimulus lying along the same perceptual continuum, it shows maximal responsiveness not to the target stimulus but to a stimulus displaced along the continuum in a direction away from the unreinforced stimulus. It also responds more vigorously to the displaced stimulus than it would have to the target stimulus had discrimination training not occurred. This is the phenomenon of behavioral contrast. On the level of preference, peak shift means that if we prefer something, we shall like something a bit more extreme even more. Peak shift and behavioral contrast are probably the most important causes of sound change in language, but this has never been pointed out. The relevance of peak shift and behavioral contrast to phonological change is explained. Their most general consequence is that the phonetic realization of phonemes is usually in a continual state of evo...","PeriodicalId":89409,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cultural and evolutionary psychology","volume":"34 1","pages":"5-26"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80541577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Evolutionary theory based research shows that women and men may differ in their responses to sexual and emotional infidelity. The present research sought to determine how the mate value characteristics of rivals affect the levels of emotional reaction men and women experience with these types of infidelity. Women were expected to report higher levels of upset when their male partners committed infidelity with an attractive rather than an unattractive woman while men were expected to experience the most upset when their female partners committed sexual infidelity with a male rival regardless of the rival's financial status. The results were partially consistent with these hypotheses. Women were most upset by their partner's sexual infidelity regardless of the attractiveness of their female rival and more upset by their partner's emotional infidelity with an attractive woman. Men were most upset with their partner's commission of sexual infidelity regardless of the financial status of their male rival. Thes...
{"title":"Sex Differences in Responses to Sexual and Emotional Infidelity: Considerations of Rival Attractiveness and Financial Status","authors":"T. Wade, Kimberley A. Fowler","doi":"10.1556/JCEP.4.2006.1.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1556/JCEP.4.2006.1.3","url":null,"abstract":"Evolutionary theory based research shows that women and men may differ in their responses to sexual and emotional infidelity. The present research sought to determine how the mate value characteristics of rivals affect the levels of emotional reaction men and women experience with these types of infidelity. Women were expected to report higher levels of upset when their male partners committed infidelity with an attractive rather than an unattractive woman while men were expected to experience the most upset when their female partners committed sexual infidelity with a male rival regardless of the rival's financial status. The results were partially consistent with these hypotheses. Women were most upset by their partner's sexual infidelity regardless of the attractiveness of their female rival and more upset by their partner's emotional infidelity with an attractive woman. Men were most upset with their partner's commission of sexual infidelity regardless of the financial status of their male rival. Thes...","PeriodicalId":89409,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cultural and evolutionary psychology","volume":"18 1","pages":"37-50"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83203709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kanazawa (2004a) proposes that the human brain may have difficulty comprehending entities and situations that did not exist in the ancestral environment, and, as one empirical dem- onstration of this Savanna Principle, Kanazawa (2002) shows that people who watch certain types of TV shows are more satisfied with their friendships, suggesting that they may have difficulty distinguishing TV characters from real friends. In an entirely different line of research, Kanazawa (2004b) advances an evolutionary psychological theory of the evolution of general intelligence, which proposes that general intelligence evolved in order to handle evolutionarily-novel prob- lems. The logical convergence of these two separate lines of research leads to the prediction that the human difficulty in dealing with evolutionarily-novel stimuli interacts with general intelli- gence, such that the Savanna Principle holds stronger among the less intelligent than among the more intelligent. Further analyses of the U.S. General Social Survey demonstrate that less intelli- gent men and women may have greater difficulty separating TV characters from their real friends than more intelligent men and women.
{"title":"WHY THE LESS INTELLIGENT MAY ENJOY TELEVISION MORE THAN THE MORE INTELLIGENT","authors":"S. Kanazawa","doi":"10.1556/JCEP.4.2006.1.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1556/JCEP.4.2006.1.2","url":null,"abstract":"Kanazawa (2004a) proposes that the human brain may have difficulty comprehending entities and situations that did not exist in the ancestral environment, and, as one empirical dem- onstration of this Savanna Principle, Kanazawa (2002) shows that people who watch certain types of TV shows are more satisfied with their friendships, suggesting that they may have difficulty distinguishing TV characters from real friends. In an entirely different line of research, Kanazawa (2004b) advances an evolutionary psychological theory of the evolution of general intelligence, which proposes that general intelligence evolved in order to handle evolutionarily-novel prob- lems. The logical convergence of these two separate lines of research leads to the prediction that the human difficulty in dealing with evolutionarily-novel stimuli interacts with general intelli- gence, such that the Savanna Principle holds stronger among the less intelligent than among the more intelligent. Further analyses of the U.S. General Social Survey demonstrate that less intelli- gent men and women may have greater difficulty separating TV characters from their real friends than more intelligent men and women.","PeriodicalId":89409,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cultural and evolutionary psychology","volume":"61 1","pages":"27-36"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87530190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this study, multicultural literature served as a site for Chinese Canadians to explore the interplay between their dual cultural backgrounds. After reading a story written by a Chinese Canadian author, participants were invited to imagine a dialogue between two characters with whom they identified, allowing the exploration of different aspects of their bicultural selves. Systematic examination of their dialogues, using cluster analysis of recurrently expressed dialogical themes, revealed four distinct expressive styles (Rhetorical Conflict, Imperative Conflict, Active Narration, and Embodied Reconciliation), each revealing a different bicultural stance. Both the rhetorically probing and explicitly imperative styles of expression reflected a fusion of Chinese and Canadian expectations regarding confrontation, although in different ways each also facilitated the maintenance of a conflictual cultural hierarchy. Active, but distanced, narrative description reflected the preservation of a collective sense o...
{"title":"Cultural Fusion, Conflict, and Preservation: Expressive Styles Among Chinese Canadians","authors":"Tracy C. Eng, Don Kuiken","doi":"10.1556/JCEP.4.2006.1.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1556/JCEP.4.2006.1.4","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, multicultural literature served as a site for Chinese Canadians to explore the interplay between their dual cultural backgrounds. After reading a story written by a Chinese Canadian author, participants were invited to imagine a dialogue between two characters with whom they identified, allowing the exploration of different aspects of their bicultural selves. Systematic examination of their dialogues, using cluster analysis of recurrently expressed dialogical themes, revealed four distinct expressive styles (Rhetorical Conflict, Imperative Conflict, Active Narration, and Embodied Reconciliation), each revealing a different bicultural stance. Both the rhetorically probing and explicitly imperative styles of expression reflected a fusion of Chinese and Canadian expectations regarding confrontation, although in different ways each also facilitated the maintenance of a conflictual cultural hierarchy. Active, but distanced, narrative description reflected the preservation of a collective sense o...","PeriodicalId":89409,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cultural and evolutionary psychology","volume":"7 1","pages":"51-76"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88759836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-09-01DOI: 10.1556/JCEP.4.2006.3-4.3
Bethany Liddle, D. Nettle
Theory of mind, or the ability to make inferences about the mental states of other people, is thought to be the proximate mechanism underlying humans' ability to function in complex, collaborative ...
心智理论，或对他人心理状态进行推断的能力，被认为是人类在复杂、协作……
{"title":"HIGHER-ORDER THEORY OF MIND AND SOCIAL COMPETENCE IN SCHOOL-AGE CHILDREN","authors":"Bethany Liddle, D. Nettle","doi":"10.1556/JCEP.4.2006.3-4.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1556/JCEP.4.2006.3-4.3","url":null,"abstract":"Theory of mind, or the ability to make inferences about the mental states of other people, is thought to be the proximate mechanism underlying humans' ability to function in complex, collaborative ...","PeriodicalId":89409,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cultural and evolutionary psychology","volume":"96 1","pages":"231-244"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83401815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-09-01DOI: 10.1556/JCEP.4.2006.3-4.4
L. Larocque, K. Oatley
Human societies are built on cooperative plans. Most such plans succeed and, when this occurs, trust in the relationship with the other person involved in the plan is increased. But some plans go awry. We present analyses of errors, each recorded in an incident diary, by 217 participants when something went wrong in a plan that involved someone else. Joint errors occurred for each participant on average once every two or three days. At least 77% of the errors occurred when the planners were separated from each other in ways that would be rare in face-to-face societies. Some errors occurred when participants had unstated goals that affected the plan. When an error occurred, people tended to give higher importance to the relationship with the other person involved than to the plan that had gone wrong. In 75% of errors, participants attributed the error to the other person in the plan. Some 66% of errors made the participant angry with the other person. When the relationship with the other person was not imp...
{"title":"Joint plans, emotions, and relationships: A diary study of errors","authors":"L. Larocque, K. Oatley","doi":"10.1556/JCEP.4.2006.3-4.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1556/JCEP.4.2006.3-4.4","url":null,"abstract":"Human societies are built on cooperative plans. Most such plans succeed and, when this occurs, trust in the relationship with the other person involved in the plan is increased. But some plans go awry. We present analyses of errors, each recorded in an incident diary, by 217 participants when something went wrong in a plan that involved someone else. Joint errors occurred for each participant on average once every two or three days. At least 77% of the errors occurred when the planners were separated from each other in ways that would be rare in face-to-face societies. Some errors occurred when participants had unstated goals that affected the plan. When an error occurred, people tended to give higher importance to the relationship with the other person involved than to the plan that had gone wrong. In 75% of errors, participants attributed the error to the other person in the plan. Some 66% of errors made the participant angry with the other person. When the relationship with the other person was not imp...","PeriodicalId":89409,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cultural and evolutionary psychology","volume":"4 1","pages":"245-265"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78577857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-09-01DOI: 10.1556/JCEP.4.2006.3-4.5
Zsuzsanna Ivan, T. Bereczkei
The present study focuses on the relationship between parental bonding and adolescents' risk-takingbehavior. We will show that parental love is predictive of several direct and indirect forms of adolescents' risk taking. Subjects who had received more parental love during childhood were lesslikely to get in dangerous situations, less likely to get injured, and less likely to apply to physical violence for solving conflicts, compared to those with less parental love. They smoked less frequently, consumed less alcohol and used drugs much seldom. These findings were interpreted on an evolutionary framework based on Belsky et al.'s theory. Violence, risk-taking, and noncompliance are considered as ultimate means of acquiring resources for those who loose less than their more beloved peers. A possible alternative explanation is discussed.
{"title":"Parental bonding, risk-taking behavior and life history theory","authors":"Zsuzsanna Ivan, T. Bereczkei","doi":"10.1556/JCEP.4.2006.3-4.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1556/JCEP.4.2006.3-4.5","url":null,"abstract":"The present study focuses on the relationship between parental bonding and adolescents' risk-takingbehavior. We will show that parental love is predictive of several direct and indirect forms of adolescents' risk taking. Subjects who had received more parental love during childhood were lesslikely to get in dangerous situations, less likely to get injured, and less likely to apply to physical violence for solving conflicts, compared to those with less parental love. They smoked less frequently, consumed less alcohol and used drugs much seldom. These findings were interpreted on an evolutionary framework based on Belsky et al.'s theory. Violence, risk-taking, and noncompliance are considered as ultimate means of acquiring resources for those who loose less than their more beloved peers. A possible alternative explanation is discussed.","PeriodicalId":89409,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cultural and evolutionary psychology","volume":"7 1","pages":"267-275"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84381563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-09-01DOI: 10.1556/JCEP.4.2006.3-4.2
Stephanie F. Chin, T. Wade, Kassandra French
To determine whether infant facial attractiveness is related to perceived adoptability, participants were asked to rate photographs of Asian, Black, and White babies on perceived: adoptability, attractiveness, intelligence, health, proportional eye size, and facial shape. It was hypothesized that (a) Asian babies would be rated highest in adoptability, attractiveness, intelligence, health, and facial shape, (b) that attractiveness would be the strongest predictor of adoptability, (c) and that babies perceived as having the largest eyes would also be rated as most attractive, and most adoptable. The results obtained were partially consistent with the first hypothesis and entirely consistent with second and third hypotheses. These findings are discussed in terms of prior research on facial attractiveness,and adoptability.
{"title":"Race and facial attractiveness: individual differences in perceived adoptability of children","authors":"Stephanie F. Chin, T. Wade, Kassandra French","doi":"10.1556/JCEP.4.2006.3-4.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1556/JCEP.4.2006.3-4.2","url":null,"abstract":"To determine whether infant facial attractiveness is related to perceived adoptability, participants were asked to rate photographs of Asian, Black, and White babies on perceived: adoptability, attractiveness, intelligence, health, proportional eye size, and facial shape. It was hypothesized that (a) Asian babies would be rated highest in adoptability, attractiveness, intelligence, health, and facial shape, (b) that attractiveness would be the strongest predictor of adoptability, (c) and that babies perceived as having the largest eyes would also be rated as most attractive, and most adoptable. The results obtained were partially consistent with the first hypothesis and entirely consistent with second and third hypotheses. These findings are discussed in terms of prior research on facial attractiveness,and adoptability.","PeriodicalId":89409,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cultural and evolutionary psychology","volume":"190 1","pages":"215-229"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77103759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-09-01DOI: 10.1556/JCEP.4.2006.3-4.1
T. Pollet, D. Nettle, M. Nelissen
Evolutionary theory suggests that maternal grandparents will invest more in their grandchildren than paternal grandparents, due to the difference between the certainty of maternity and the uncertainty of paternity. Tests of this prediction have tended to use retrospective ratings by grandchildren rather than self-reported behaviour by grandparents. Using a large-scale dataset from the Netherlands, we show significant differences between maternal and paternal grandparents in terms of frequencies of contact with their grandchildren, while controlling for a wide range of other variables. Our results show biases consistent with the paternity uncertainty hypothesis.
{"title":"Contact frequencies between grandparents and grandchildren in a modern society: estimates of the impact of paternity uncertainty","authors":"T. Pollet, D. Nettle, M. Nelissen","doi":"10.1556/JCEP.4.2006.3-4.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1556/JCEP.4.2006.3-4.1","url":null,"abstract":"Evolutionary theory suggests that maternal grandparents will invest more in their grandchildren than paternal grandparents, due to the difference between the certainty of maternity and the uncertainty of paternity. Tests of this prediction have tended to use retrospective ratings by grandchildren rather than self-reported behaviour by grandparents. Using a large-scale dataset from the Netherlands, we show significant differences between maternal and paternal grandparents in terms of frequencies of contact with their grandchildren, while controlling for a wide range of other variables. Our results show biases consistent with the paternity uncertainty hypothesis.","PeriodicalId":89409,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cultural and evolutionary psychology","volume":"96 1","pages":"203-213"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85881701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As suggested by previous research, childlessness can thoroughly affect the likelihood of giving and receiving help to kin, even in modern societies. In this paper we show that childless women over thirty-five have had more recent contact with their nephews/nieces than mothers. Yet, both groups showed no significant differences in contact with their uncles/aunts. This suggests heightened social investment in kin with high reproductive value by childless women compared to mothers. Results are discussed with reference to kin selection theory.
{"title":"WHEN NIECES AND NEPHEWS BECOME IMPORTANT: DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CHILDLESS WOMEN AND MOTHERS IN RELATIONSHIPS WITH NIECES AND NEPHEWS","authors":"T. Pollet, T. Kuppens, Robin I. M. Dunbar","doi":"10.1556/JCEP.4.2006.2.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1556/JCEP.4.2006.2.1","url":null,"abstract":"As suggested by previous research, childlessness can thoroughly affect the likelihood of giving and receiving help to kin, even in modern societies. In this paper we show that childless women over thirty-five have had more recent contact with their nephews/nieces than mothers. Yet, both groups showed no significant differences in contact with their uncles/aunts. This suggests heightened social investment in kin with high reproductive value by childless women compared to mothers. Results are discussed with reference to kin selection theory.","PeriodicalId":89409,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cultural and evolutionary psychology","volume":"270 1","pages":"83-93"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78449803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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