Nanotechnology has been widely utilized to enhance the intestinal absorption of natural bioactive compounds (BCs). However, the complicated and dynamic environment in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) – characterized by digestive enzymes, mucus matrix, epithelial cell layer, and extensive metabolic activity – presents notable challenges to the oral delivery of BCs. To address these limitations, nanocarriers based on enzymatically hydrolyzed food protein polypeptides (EH-FPPs) have been developed, which exhibit high biocompatibility, loading capacity, and capacity to overcome different absorption barriers. This review provides a comprehensive summary of recent advancements in EH-FPP-assembled nanocarriers, including their self-assembly mechanisms, supramolecular structures, and loading approaches for natural BCs. Besides, it elucidates the how these nanocarriers enhance the intestinal absorption of BCs from the perspectives of controlled release, mucus penetration, transcytosis, and paracellular transport. Furthermore, it critically assesses the role of these nanocarriers in improving the overall bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy of encapsulated BCs, while also addressing their current limitations and future research directions. This review seeks to elucidate the complex relationships between the self-assembly process, multi-scale structure, and GIT fate of EH-FPP-based vehicles, which highlights their potential as advanced BC delivery systems for precision nutrition and individualized health.


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