Pub Date : 2022-07-04DOI: 10.15294/pandecta.v17i1.32622
Setia Untung Arimuladi
Several cases of criminal acts in the field of taxation show differences in calculating losses in state revenue between prosecution and judge's decisions; several decisions acquit or punish a defendant. There is still ambiguity in treatment between the application of criminal tax sanctions or administrative tax sanctions, so it is necessary to and urges to conduct a study of access to justice in terms of setting expert statements in tax crimes based on the principle of equality before the law and the principle of checks and balances in building a solid integrated criminal justice system. Two main conclusions were drawn based on case studies and literature reviews using the normative juridical method, the access to justice, and the progressive legal models. First, experts in calculating losses on state income and experts on tax regulations in taxation are still dominated by internal employees of the Directorate General of Taxes (DGT), which of course will reduce the value of the independence of the experts' statements because they cannot be separated from conflicts of interest with their institutions. Second, experts who provide information in a tax crime must be competent, independent, capable, and objective in providing information and opinions so that it needs to be made in the form of a cross-institutional ad hoc team with accountability in the form of a report on the results of the examination. It is necessary and urgent to provide legal certainty in access to justice for expert testimony to update the rules regarding procedures for expert testimony in tax crimes.
{"title":"Access to Justice Based on Expert Testimony in Tax Crimes: An Integrated Criminal Justice System Perspective in Indonesia","authors":"Setia Untung Arimuladi","doi":"10.15294/pandecta.v17i1.32622","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15294/pandecta.v17i1.32622","url":null,"abstract":"Several cases of criminal acts in the field of taxation show differences in calculating losses in state revenue between prosecution and judge's decisions; several decisions acquit or punish a defendant. There is still ambiguity in treatment between the application of criminal tax sanctions or administrative tax sanctions, so it is necessary to and urges to conduct a study of access to justice in terms of setting expert statements in tax crimes based on the principle of equality before the law and the principle of checks and balances in building a solid integrated criminal justice system. Two main conclusions were drawn based on case studies and literature reviews using the normative juridical method, the access to justice, and the progressive legal models. First, experts in calculating losses on state income and experts on tax regulations in taxation are still dominated by internal employees of the Directorate General of Taxes (DGT), which of course will reduce the value of the independence of the experts' statements because they cannot be separated from conflicts of interest with their institutions. Second, experts who provide information in a tax crime must be competent, independent, capable, and objective in providing information and opinions so that it needs to be made in the form of a cross-institutional ad hoc team with accountability in the form of a report on the results of the examination. It is necessary and urgent to provide legal certainty in access to justice for expert testimony to update the rules regarding procedures for expert testimony in tax crimes.","PeriodicalId":30516,"journal":{"name":"Pandecta Research Law Journal","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75219890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-04DOI: 10.15294/pandecta.v17i1.33550
B. Bangun
This paper focuses on ASEAN’s efforts as a regional organization to protect the rights of migrant workers in the Covid-19 pandemic situation. The protection of the rights of migrant workers is part of the protection of human rights regulated in various international legal instruments as well as within the ASEAN framework, especially in the ASEAN Consensus on the Promotion and Protection of the Rights of Migrant Workers (ACPPRMW). Although responding quickly to the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on the economic and health sectors, ASEAN’s response and efforts in protecting the rights of migrant workers during the Covid-19 pandemic were late and ineffective. This is also an illustration of the ineffective implementation of the system and mechanism for the protection of migrant workers in ASEAN as well as the implementation of other ASEAN human rights legal instruments, due to the main principle that is firmly held by ASEAN, namely the non-interference principle.
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Pub Date : 2022-07-04DOI: 10.15294/pandecta.v17i1.35516
Adi Nur Rohman
The Indonesian people during the pandemic seemed to forget the purpose of married life which idealizes a household that lasts forever. The increasing divorce rate during the pandemic seems to confirm this hypothesis regardless of any triggering factors. Of course, the product of legislation related to marriage and family must be able to maintain the integrity and resilience of the family. This article aims to analyze transcendental values in marriage law regulations which play a very significant role in building family resilience. This article is in the form of a normative legal study that instrumented the approach to the application of laws and the philosophical approach and prophetic legal theory as a knife of analysis. The results of the study show that emphasizing divine values on rules that build and family resilience is absolutely necessary in and maintaining family resilience which is manifested in a sakinah, mawaddah and rahmah household. Prophetic values such as efforts to complicate divorce, legalization of marriages based on religious law, marriage as a form of lifelong ubudiyah must be internalized in applicable legal regulations.
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Pub Date : 2022-07-04DOI: 10.15294/pandecta.v17i1.25267
Dona Budi Kharisma, Nadzya Tanazal E.Ar
Financial technology (fintech) is the use of technology in financial services in the digital economy era. Digital payments, peer-to-peer lending, and crowdfunding are examples of fintech that is growing rapidly in Indonesia. However, the high number of disputes in the fintech sector is an indication of the need for a dispute resolution mechanism that is fast, simple, and low-cost. In this regard, online dispute resolution (ODR) is present as an alternative dispute resolution model. ODR has many challenges, such as the existence of a legal vacuum (rechtsvacuum) regarding the ODR mechanism, internet disruption, and the weak protection of personal data in Indonesia.
{"title":"Online Dispute Resolution as an Alternative Model for Dispute Settlement in The Financial Technology Sector","authors":"Dona Budi Kharisma, Nadzya Tanazal E.Ar","doi":"10.15294/pandecta.v17i1.25267","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15294/pandecta.v17i1.25267","url":null,"abstract":"Financial technology (fintech) is the use of technology in financial services in the digital economy era. Digital payments, peer-to-peer lending, and crowdfunding are examples of fintech that is growing rapidly in Indonesia. However, the high number of disputes in the fintech sector is an indication of the need for a dispute resolution mechanism that is fast, simple, and low-cost. In this regard, online dispute resolution (ODR) is present as an alternative dispute resolution model. ODR has many challenges, such as the existence of a legal vacuum (rechtsvacuum) regarding the ODR mechanism, internet disruption, and the weak protection of personal data in Indonesia.","PeriodicalId":30516,"journal":{"name":"Pandecta Research Law Journal","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75446608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-24DOI: 10.15294/PANDECTA.V16I1.27516
Elly Sudarti, Sahuri Lasmadi
Sistem pemidanaan tindak pidana korupsi suap di Indonesia belum dapat mencapai tujuan pemidanaan, baik dari sisi kerugian negara maupun dari sisi moralitas. Penelitian ini bertujuan: (1) Untuk menganalisis dan menemukan keselarasan sistem pemidanaan tindak pidana korupsi suap dengan tujuan pemidanaan menurut hukum pidanaIndonesia dan hukum pidana Malaysia; (2) Untuk menemukan formulasi ideal sistem pemidanaan tindak pidana korupsi suap dalam rangka mewujudkan tujuan pemidanaan. Metode penelitian menggunakan tipe yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan; konseptual ; perbandingan dan pendekatan kasus. Kesimpulan dari Penelitian ini: (1) Sistem pemidanaan tindak pidana korupsi suap di Indonesia belum selaras dengan tujuan pemidanaan, karena pengaturan sistem perumusan sanksi pidana yang belum tepat dan belum berdaya guna. Di Malaysia, sistem pemidanaan pada tindak pidana korupsi suap telah selaras dengan tujuan pemidanaan. Sistem pemidanaan yang lebih menitikberatkan pada pidana denda, Malaysia mendapatkan nilai lebih dari nilai kerugian yang menjadi perkara. (2) Sistem pemidanaan yang selaras dengan tujuan pemidanaan apabila pidana yang diberikan bisa menutupi kerugian yang ditimbulkan tindak pidana suap baik dari segi keuangan maupun dari segi moralitas. Sistem pemidanaan ke depan harus dirumuskan dengan penguatan pada pidana denda yang ditentukan berdasarkan besarnya nilai suap dikalikan minimal duakali atau maksimal limakali dalam pengaturan sistem pemidanaan di Indonesia yang akan datang.
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Pub Date : 2021-08-24DOI: 10.15294/PANDECTA.V16I1.30397
Ubaidillah Kamal, A. Ningsih
A BSTRACT The presence of Peer to Peer Lending Based on Financial Technology (Fintech) in Indonesia is a real manifestation of a technological advancement. The advantage of technology is its simplicity, but like two sides of a coin, technological advances in financial services also cause polemics and problems. Based on complaints received by the Financial Services Authority, there are 2 things that are often complained about by borrower, it is regarding the unwise use of private data that is used as a way of collecting debt by peer to peer providers and the way they contact borrower for collecting debt. Even though it is considered controversial, the growth of fintech service providers has accelerated to 200%. These are show the urgency that the Financial Services Authority Regulation No.77/POJK.01/2016 requires revision because it is not in suitable with the current development of Fintech. The Financial Services Authority Regulation No.77/ POJK.01/2016 requires revisions regarding the restrictions on access on borrower’s device, it must be only camera, microphone, and location only, no access to contact or gallery, then related to more detailed in regulating the operations of the fintech provider company, and related regulation for the minimum capital for the fintech provider company. Keywords : Peer to Peer; Lending; Fintech; Borrower  ABSTRAK Hadirnya Peer to Peer Lending Berbasis Financial Technology ( Fintech ) di Indonesia adalah manifestasi nyata dari sebuah kemajuan teknologi. Keunggulan dari suatu teknologi adalah kemudahannya, namun ibarat 2 sisi mata uang, kemajuan teknologi dibidang jasa keuangan ini juga menimbulkan polemik serta permasalahannya. Berdasarkan pengaduan yang diterima Otoritas Jasa Keuangan terdapat 2 hal yang sering diadukan oleh peminjam, yaitu perihal penggunaan data pribadi peminjam secara tidak bijak dan cara penagihan hutang oleh perusahaan penyedia layanan yang dinilai tidak sesuai ketentuan yang berlaku. Walaupun dinilai kontroversial, namun pertumbuhan perusahaan penyedia layanan fintek melaju sangat pesat sampai 200%. Beberapa hal ini menunjukan urgensi bahwa peraturan otoritas jasa keuangan No.77/POJK.01/2016 memerlukan revisi karena sudah tidak sesuai dengan perkembangan Fintek sekarang ini. Peraturan Otoritas Jasa Keuangan No.77/POJK.01/2016 memerlukan revisi terkait pembatasan akses perusahaan penyedia layanan terhadap gawai dari peminjam, yaitu hanya kamera, mikrofon, dan lokasi saja, tidak ada akses ke kontak maupun galeri, selanjutnya terkait pengaturan yang lebih detail terhadap operasional perusahaan penyedia layanan, dan pengaturan terkait minimum modal bagi perusahaan penyedia layanan. Kata Kunci : peer to peer; lending; fintek; pinjaman
基于金融技术(Fintech)的点对点借贷在印度尼西亚的出现是技术进步的真实体现。技术的优势在于简单，但就像硬币的两面一样，金融服务领域的技术进步也会引发争议和问题。根据金融服务管理局收到的投诉，借款人经常抱怨两件事，一是关于个人数据的不明智使用，这被p2p提供商用作收集债务的一种方式，二是他们联系借款人收集债务的方式。尽管这被认为是有争议的，但金融科技服务提供商的增长速度已经加快到200%。这些都显示了金融服务管理局条例第77号/POJK的紧迫性。01/2016需要修改，因为它不适合当前金融科技的发展。金融服务管理局条例no .77/ POJK.01/2016要求修订对借款人设备的访问限制，它必须只有摄像头，麦克风和位置，不能访问联系人或画廊，然后在规范金融科技提供商公司的运营方面进行更详细的规定，以及金融科技提供商公司最低资本的相关规定。关键词:点对点;贷款;Fintech;摘要Hadirnya p2p借贷Berbasis Financial Technology (Fintech) di Indonesia adalah manifestasi nyata dari sebuah kemajuan teknology。keggulan dari suatu technology i adalah kemudahanya, namun ibarat 2 sisi mataang, kemajuan technology ibidang jasa keuangan ini juga menimbulkan polemik serta permasalahanya。2 .中文翻译为:中文翻译为:中文翻译为:中文翻译为:中文翻译为:中文翻译为:中文翻译为:中文翻译为:中文翻译为:中文翻译为:中文翻译为:中文翻译为:中文翻译为:中文翻译为:中文翻译为:中文翻译为:中文翻译为:中文翻译为:Walaupun dinilai有争议，namun pertumbuhan perusahaan penyedia layanan fintek melaju sangat pesat sampai 200%。第77/POJK号。01/2016 merlukan revisi karena sudah tidak sesuai dengan perkembangan Fintek sekarang ini。Peraturan Otoritas Jasa Keuangan No.77/POJK。01/2016 memerlukan revisi terkait pembatasan akses perusahaan penyedia layanan terhadap gawai dari peminjam, yitu hanya camera, mikrofon, Dan lokasi saja, tidak Ada akses ke kontak maupun galeri, selanjutnya terkait pengaturan Yang lebih detail terhadap操作perusahaan penyedia layanan, Dan pengaturan terkait最小模态bagi perusahaan penyedia layanan。Kata Kunci:点对点;贷款;fintek;pinjaman
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Pub Date : 2021-08-06DOI: 10.15294/PANDECTA.V16I1.26860
Hari Sutra Disemadi
Kondisi ekonomi masyarakat Indonesia yang semakin menurun akibat berkurangnya pendapatan hingga pemutusan kerja oleh perusahaan dimasa pandemi COVID-19 dijadikan sebagai peluang bagi penyelenggara fintech p2p lending yang tidak bertanggung jawab, khususnya fintech p2p lending ilegal. Fintech p2p lending ilegal melakukan “predatory lending ” atau praktik pemberian pinjaman yang mengenakan syarat, ketentuan, bunga, dan/atau biaya-biaya yang tidak wajar bagi borrower selaku konsumen. Permasalahan tersebut akan dikaji dengan menggunakan metode penelitian hukum normatif. Dalam penelitian hukum normatif ini, pendekatan yang digunakan adalah statute approach dan conseptual approach . Penelitian ini menunjukan hadirnya “predatory lending” yang dilakukan oleh fintech p2p lending karena kurangnya literasi keuangan dan pemutusan kerja dimasa pandemi COVID-19. Perlu peran semua kalangan dalam meningkatkan kesadaran hukum, meningkatkan literasi keuangan agar masyarakat lebih bijak dalam memilih fintech p2p lending . Diharapkan seluruh penyelenggara fintech p2p lending dapat merealiasikan amanat pemberian perlindungan hukum kepada konsumennya berdasarkan POJK Nomor 77/POJK.01/2016, kewajiban menerapkan tiga prinsip dasar penyelenggaraan fintech p2p lending sesuai “Pedoman Perilaku” yang disusun oleh AFPI, dan OJK sebagai regulator serta pengawas fintech p2p lending dapat memberikan rasa aman bagi konsumen dengan memastikan pelaku bisnis fintech p2p lending memberikan transparansi produk dan metode penawaran; pencegahan pinjaman berlebih; dan penerapan prinsip itikad baik. Kemudian, OJK perlu membangun sistem pengawasan dan penegakan aturan yang efektif untuk meningkatkan kepatuhan pelaku usaha.
{"title":"Fenomena Predatory Lending: Suatu Kajian Penyelenggaraan Bisnis Fintech P2P Lending selama Pandemi COVID-19 di Indonesia","authors":"Hari Sutra Disemadi","doi":"10.15294/PANDECTA.V16I1.26860","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15294/PANDECTA.V16I1.26860","url":null,"abstract":"Kondisi ekonomi masyarakat Indonesia yang semakin menurun akibat berkurangnya pendapatan hingga pemutusan kerja oleh perusahaan dimasa pandemi COVID-19 dijadikan sebagai peluang bagi penyelenggara fintech p2p lending yang tidak bertanggung jawab, khususnya fintech p2p lending ilegal. Fintech p2p lending ilegal melakukan “predatory lending ” atau praktik pemberian pinjaman yang mengenakan syarat, ketentuan, bunga, dan/atau biaya-biaya yang tidak wajar bagi borrower selaku konsumen. Permasalahan tersebut akan dikaji dengan menggunakan metode penelitian hukum normatif. Dalam penelitian hukum normatif ini, pendekatan yang digunakan adalah statute approach dan conseptual approach . Penelitian ini menunjukan hadirnya “predatory lending” yang dilakukan oleh fintech p2p lending karena kurangnya literasi keuangan dan pemutusan kerja dimasa pandemi COVID-19. Perlu peran semua kalangan dalam meningkatkan kesadaran hukum, meningkatkan literasi keuangan agar masyarakat lebih bijak dalam memilih fintech p2p lending . Diharapkan seluruh penyelenggara fintech p2p lending dapat merealiasikan amanat pemberian perlindungan hukum kepada konsumennya berdasarkan POJK Nomor 77/POJK.01/2016, kewajiban menerapkan tiga prinsip dasar penyelenggaraan fintech p2p lending sesuai “Pedoman Perilaku” yang disusun oleh AFPI, dan OJK sebagai regulator serta pengawas fintech p2p lending dapat memberikan rasa aman bagi konsumen dengan memastikan pelaku bisnis fintech p2p lending memberikan transparansi produk dan metode penawaran; pencegahan pinjaman berlebih; dan penerapan prinsip itikad baik. Kemudian, OJK perlu membangun sistem pengawasan dan penegakan aturan yang efektif untuk meningkatkan kepatuhan pelaku usaha.","PeriodicalId":30516,"journal":{"name":"Pandecta Research Law Journal","volume":"92 1","pages":"55-67"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83206539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-06DOI: 10.15294/PANDECTA.V16I1.29522
Jovanka Lingkanaya, H. Adolf, Prita Amalia
This article presents a study of the validity of asymmetrical arbitration clauses, a clause that combines arbitration and a choice of court option, in international commercial contracts. These clauses designate a method of dispute settlement that gives a more favorable position for one of the parties to a contract, hence, creating a debate on its validity on an international level. Despite the convenience the trend has brought in business, this form of arbitration clause has been called into doubt by courts in numerous jurisdictions. Unfortunately, Indonesia itself has yet to have a firm legal standing on this matter as asymmetrical arbitration clauses are not explicitly regulated by the Indonesian arbitration law. This research is conducted by exploring the relation between theories and practices concerning asymmetrical arbitration clauses through analyzing case law and provisions of international arbitration law and the Indonesian arbitration law, and are also analyzed through principles of international and Indonesian contract law. This article aims to provide an analysis regarding the legal effects of having asymmetrical arbitration clauses in commercial contracts and commercial arbitration. Lastly, this study offers a method of interpretation towards such clauses that favors their validity under both international arbitration law and Indonesian arbitration law.
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Pub Date : 2021-08-06DOI: 10.15294/PANDECTA.V16I1.29292
Ade Ilyas
Kejaksaan Republik Indonesia berdasarkan kewenangannya merupakan lembaga yang berada pada posisi sentral dalam sistem peradilan pidana. Penuntut Umum sebagai perwakilan Kejaksaan didalam setiap perkara pidana merupakan pihak yang paling mengetahui ketercelaan seorang terdakwa karena mengikuti dinamika selama persidangan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian doktrinal atau yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan peraturan perundang-undangan yang menunjukkan saat ini tuntutan pidana berasal dari petunjuk atau pendapat pimpinan Kejaksaan di setiap jenjang karena adanya kebijakan rencana tuntutan berjenjang. Dengan kebijkan rencana tuntutan berjenjang tersebut dapat juga menyebabkan kultur korup pada lembaga Kejaksaan karena ditengarai kebijakan tersebut digunakan untuk wadah tawar menawar oleh Penuntut Umum dengan terdakwa dan kemudian menyetor pada atasannya. Konkuensi dari adanya kebijakan rencana tuntutan berjenjang ini juga akan membuat terhambatnya proses peradilan yang pada dasarnya harus dijalanlan dengan cepat, sederhana, dan berbiaya ringan. Terhadap kondisi ini diperlukan penataan ulang sistem penentuan tuntutan pidana demi independensi Penuntut Umum dan tercapainya peradilan yang cepat, sederhana, dan berbiaya ringan. The Prosecutor’s Office of the Republic of Indonesia, based on its authority, is an institution that is in a central position in the criminal justice system. As the representative of the Prosecutor’s Office in each case, the Public Prosecutor is the party most aware of the accident of a defendant because it follows the dynamics during the trial. This research uses doctrinal or juridical normative research methods with a statutory approach that shows that currently, criminal charges are the instructions or opinions of the chief Prosecutor at every level due to the policy of tiered prosecution plans. The policy of the tiered prosecution plan can also cause a corrupt culture in the Prosecutor’s institution because it is signaled that the procedure is used as a bargaining place by the Prosecutor with the accused and used as a deposit event to his superiors. The consequences of this tiered prosecution plan policy will also hamper the judicial process, which has to be run quickly, only, and lightly. Against this condition, it is necessary to reorganize the criminal prosecution determination system for the Public Prosecutor’s independence and the achievement of a fast, simple, and low-cost judiciary.
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Pub Date : 2021-08-06DOI: 10.15294/PANDECTA.V16I1.28192
Y. Wijaya, Evoryo Carel Prabhata, Syendika Dyandra Putra
Kesehatan merupakan salah satu sektor yang menjadi fokus dalam mewujudkan kesejahteraan masyarakat. Indonesia sebagai salah satu negara berkembang memerlukan suatu usaha yang efektif dalam mewujudkan stabilitas kesehatan masyarakat, keadaan ini mendorong sektor usaha kesehatan, khususnya perumahsakitan sebagai batu loncatan dalam mewujudkan tujuan tersebut. Hubungan kontraktual antara pihak pemerintah dan swasta dalam bidang perumahsakitan tidak jarang mengundang kontroversi. Kondisi ini dapat diindikasikan terjadi akibat sudut pandang pemenuhan kebutuhan kesehatan yang terkadang tidak sesuai dengan sifat perusahaan swasta yang berinti pada keuntungan yang maksimal. Sesuai dengan adanya permasalahan tersebut maka perlu adanya suatu solusi yang salah satunya adalah pada segi yuridis. Sesuai dengan Pasal 28H dalam bagian Hak Asasi Manusia (HAM), UUD Negara Republik Indonesia 1945 penekanan pada poin pemenuhan pelayanan kesehatan menunjukkan bahwa bidang perumahsakitan menjadi salah satu sektor yang memerlukan pengaturan yang pasti. Dengan menggunakan metode normative, tinjauan akan dilakukan terhadap sisi hubungan kontraktual, khususnya pada segi penegakkan HAM atas kesehatan. Health is a sector that included as a focus of realizing community welfare. Indonesia as a developing country requires an effective effort in realizing the stability of public health. This situation encourages the health business sector, especially hospitals, as a stepping stone in realizing this goal. Contractual-based relations between the government and the private sector in the field of the hospital are often controversial. This condition can be indicated to occur due to the viewpoint of fulfilling health needs, which is not suitable by the nature of private companies that have a core of maximum profit. Following these problems, it is necessary to find a solution within the juridical aspect. Under Article 28H in the section on Human Rights of the 1945 Constitution of the State of the Republic of Indonesia emphasis on the point of fulfilment of health services shows that the hospital sector is one of the sectors that require definite regulation. By using juridical normative approach, the analysis will go over contractual relationship, especially in terms of the enforcement of human rights over health.
健康是促进社会福利的主要部门之一。印度尼西亚作为一个发展中国家，需要作出有效的努力来实现公共卫生稳定，这使得卫生保健部门，尤其是缺乏资源，成为实现这一目标的垫脚石。政府和企业企业之间的商业关系很少会引发争议。这些情况可能表明，这是一种满足健康需求的观点，这种观点有时与一家专注于最大利润的私营企业的本质不符。根据这些问题，有一个解决方案是有管辖权的。根据《英国人权》第28条，1945年《印度尼西亚共和国法》(UUD of the united states of human rights，简称HAM)第28条，强调卫生保健的重点表明，缺乏卫生保健是一个需要明确监管的行业。通过传统的方法，审查合同关系的各个方面，特别是在医疗保健方面。健康是一个集中于实现社区福利的区域。印度尼西亚是一个开发国家要求实现公共卫生稳定的有效措施。这种情况的影响商业部门，特别是作为实现这一目标的垫脚石。政府和医院的私营部门之间的矛盾关系已得到控制。这种情况可能与拥有最高利润核心的私人伴侣的本质有关。随着这些问题，在判断方面寻找解决方案是必要的。1945年《印度尼西亚共和国健康服务的实现》一书共28条。通过合理的判断，分析将超越相反的关系，特别是在人权交换的健康条款中。
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