International Journal of Thermal Sciences最新文献

{"title":"Thermal management of server with discrete power elements by localized cold plate enhanced single-phase immersion cooling and its orthogonal optimization","authors":"Yueting Zhou,&nbsp;Meiyan Xiong,&nbsp;Zhenwei Liu,&nbsp;Boyuan Wang,&nbsp;Feng Cao,&nbsp;Ping Li","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2026.110676","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2026.110676","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The thermal management challenge of modern servers is recognized to arise from highly non-uniform power densities. In this study, a single-phase immersion and cold plate hybrid cooling method is employed to address the cooling of discretely distributed server elements with different power. Three-dimensional steady-state Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes simulations with conjugate heat transfer are performed to evaluate the thermal behavior of a complete one-unit server. Five coolant flow configurations are examined and their orientations relative to gravity are evaluated. The effects of coolant temperatures and flow rates as well as immersion liquid conditions are quantified through a systematic parametric analysis and an orthogonal design method. The dual inlet and dual outlet configuration provides the best temperature uniformity for the central processing unit. The inlet temperature of coolant is identified as the dominant factor for the maximum temperature of central processing units, while the overall temperature difference is mainly governed by the cooling configuration arrangement and the coolant flow rate. The temperature of low power elements is controlled primarily by the inlet temperature of the immersion liquid. A maximum temperature difference of 1.34 K is obtained for the platform controller hub. A reduction of 62.98 % compared with related work is demonstrated, and superior temperature uniformity is shown to be achieved by the proposed system. The combined cooling strategy is shown to maintain low temperature gradients across discrete power elements and is expected to provide theoretical support for the design of thermal management systems in modern servers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"224 ","pages":"Article 110676"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145975210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of spaceborne blackbody for Advanced Geostationary Radiation Imager (AGRI)","authors":"Jingjing Zhou ,&nbsp;Jian Song ,&nbsp;Xiuju Li ,&nbsp;Chunyuan Xu ,&nbsp;Ruiheng Sima ,&nbsp;Xin Xu ,&nbsp;Changdao Guo ,&nbsp;Xiaopeng Hao","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2026.110705","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2026.110705","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To meet the requirements for a spaceborne blackbody with high emissivity, uniformity, and stability under complex thermal conditions, a simulation of cavity blackbody emissivity was performed using the Monte Carlo method. Additionally, an innovative structural design for the blackbody was proposed, incorporating a four-pyramid array, threadline array, and high-emissivity coating. Considering the on-orbit operational conditions of the spaceborne blackbody, finite element analysis was employed to simulate and calculate the thermal uniformity of the blackbody at 300 K and 320 K under three thermal conditions: low, medium, and high temperatures. Experimental validation of the results was also conducted. The spectral emissivity of the spaceborne blackbody was measured in the wavelength range of (3.5–15.0) μm, with an average normal emissivity of 0.9964. The difference between the normal emissivity and the emissivity at a 3° angle was 0.0012. Temperature uniformity and stability tests were conducted on the spaceborne blackbody within a temperature range of (300–320) K. The temperature uniformity at the bottom was 0.145 K, the overall temperature uniformity was 0.156 K, and the temperature stability was 0.012 K. The combined standard uncertainty of the blackbody is 0.135 K @ 300 K, 0.156 K @ 305 K, 0.174 K @ 310 K, 0.189 K @ 315 K, 0.198 K @ 320 K. Compared with the previous blackbody, the blackbody structural design proposed in this paper significantly improves the emissivity and temperature control performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"224 ","pages":"Article 110705"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146023868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental and numerical study of flow and heat transfer of non-Newtonian power-law drilling fluids in helical tubes","authors":"Yixuan Yuwen ,&nbsp;Jingzhi Zhou ,&nbsp;Yuzhe He ,&nbsp;Kai Zhang ,&nbsp;Xunfeng Li","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2026.110726","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2026.110726","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The flow and heat transfer characteristics of non-Newtonian power-law drilling fluids in helical tubes were investigated through combined experimental and numerical methods. The effects of fluid density, rheological parameters (consistency index <em>K</em> and power-law index <em>n</em>), and helical tube curvature ratio were systematically analyzed. The results indicate that lower fluid density and higher inlet temperature both enhance heat transfer performance. Reductions in <em>K</em> and <em>n</em> synergistically enhance convective heat transfer while simultaneously lowering flow resistance. Moreover, increasing the curvature ratio not only improves thermal-hydraulic performance but also amplifies the effect of <em>K</em> and <em>n</em>. Based on the experimental and numerical data, a friction factor correlation incorporating the effects of the Dean number, curvature ratio, and power-law index was developed, along with a corresponding predictive model for the Nusselt number. These findings provide valuable theoretical guidance for the engineering application and optimized design of power-law fluids in helical tube heat exchangers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"224 ","pages":"Article 110726"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146074544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spreading thermal transport in GaN nanostructures: Impact of interface and size induced anisotropy on effective thermal conductivity","authors":"Xingji Chen ,&nbsp;Xuqi Sheng ,&nbsp;Daosheng Tang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2026.110695","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2026.110695","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Thermal spreading in GaN nanostructures is governed by the coupled effects of ballistic-diffusive phonon transport, interfacial mismatch, and mismatch-induced stress, yet these mechanisms are seldom treated in an integrated manner. Here, we develop a unified molecular-dynamics framework, combined with a PSO-based inverse method, to quantify the effective thermal conductivity of GaN under spreading heat flow. We uncover a key finding that the spreading thermal conductivity can exceed that of a single-layer GaN because introducing a heterogeneous interface transforms the bottom boundary from fully absorbing to partially transmitting, allowing ballistic phonons to bypass the dissipation bottleneck. Spreading transport also induces strong anisotropy that differs from 1-D BTE predictions due to multidimensional flux divergence. By introducing stress-relieved reference cases through substrate lattice-constant adjustment, we assess the relative contributions of interfacial structure and mismatch-induced stress, showing that structural mismatch governs GaN/Si, stress dominates GaN/SiC, and both contributions are comparable in GaN/AlN. Vibrational density of states and stress-mapping analyses reveal that interfaces generate nonuniform phonon environments inside GaN, offering an internal mechanism for conductivity reduction. These results clarify interface-modulated thermal transport in GaN and provide guidance for co-optimizing interface structure and strain in high-power GaN devices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"224 ","pages":"Article 110695"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145974799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on the performance of thermoelectric generator with topology-optimized heat sinks","authors":"Liyao Xie ,&nbsp;Zhaowei He ,&nbsp;Aleksi Mankonen ,&nbsp;Wei Wang ,&nbsp;Yulong Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110621","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110621","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study proposes a three-dimensional topology optimization strategy for the structural design of passive cooling heat sinks in thermoelectric generator (TEG)-based waste heat recovery systems. The optimization objective focuses on minimizing the average temperature on the cold side of the TEG, thereby enhancing natural convection cooling and improving the power output and conversion efficiency of the system. The results demonstrate that the topology-optimized heat sink enhances natural convection by promoting interaction between the fins and airflow, significantly reducing the average temperature on the cold side of the TEG and improving the system's thermoelectric performance. Quantitatively, the 3D topology-optimized heat sink outperforms conventional straight-fin designs, increasing output power by 27.9 % and thermoelectric conversion efficiency by 14.5 %. Furthermore, flow field analysis using the <em>Q</em>-criterion reveals enhanced vortex structures and airflow mixing, contributing to superior convective heat dissipation. These findings confirm the effectiveness of 3D topology optimization in improving both the cooling performance and energy conversion efficiency of TEG-based waste heat recovery systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"223 ","pages":"Article 110621"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145838136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determination of physical and thermal properties of nano silica core - based VIPs using experimental and RSM methods, optimization of unit costs","authors":"Ali Ekrem Akdağ ,&nbsp;Murat Koru ,&nbsp;Nuri Işıldar ,&nbsp;Hilmi Cenk Bayrakçı ,&nbsp;Metin Davraz","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110595","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110595","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In building applications, growing energy conservation goals have increased the demand for high-performance thermal insulation materials. The main objective of this study was to develop and optimize high-performance vacuum insulation panels (VIPs) with reduced thermal conductivity through composition and density control. In this study, the thermal behavior of vacuum insulation panels (VIPs) containing fumed silica (FS) was investigated and optimized using experimental design and a Response Surface Methodology (RSM). A total of 32 VIP samples with different core compositions and densities were fabricated and characterized. The core mixtures consisted of FS, glass fiber (GF), and silicon carbide (SiC), combined in various proportions and compacted under controlled compression forces. The cores were vacuum sealed below 1 Pa using a seven-layer metallized ALUPET barrier film to ensure long-term vacuum stability. Subsequently, the VIPs were fabricated by vacuum sealing the cores, and their thermal conductivities were experimentally measured to validate the proposed design approach.</div><div>The effects of FS, GF, SiC, and density (D) on thermal resistance (R) were modeled and statistically evaluated using a combined mixture–process design. Statistical analysis confirmed the significance of the model (p &lt; 0.001), showing a strong correlation between the predicted and experimental results (R² = 0.958, adjusted R² = 0.944, predicted R² = 0.890). Increasing density significantly reduced R, while higher FS and SiC contents improved the overall insulation capability. GF primarily contributed to enhancing the structural integrity of the panels.</div><div>A cost analysis based on current raw material prices revealed that panels with balanced FS-GF-SiC ratios achieved competitive unit costs of approximately 40–45 $·m⁻², indicating that high insulation efficiency can be achieved without substantial cost increase. The VIP produced with 80 % FS, 10 % SiC, and 10 % GF under a compression force of 14 kN showed the lowest thermal conductivity (0.00394 W·m^⁻¹·K^⁻¹) and the highest R (7.65 m^²·K·W^⁻¹. This configuration represents an optimal balance between thermal performance and economic feasibility, demonstrating the practical potential of the proposed design.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"223 ","pages":"Article 110595"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145881215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Low-cost infrared cameras for assessing lumbar sympathetic blocks in complex regional pain syndrome: A preliminary study","authors":"Andrea Garcia-Tristan ,&nbsp;Lucia Carbonell-Jose ,&nbsp;Maite Bovaira ,&nbsp;Mar Cañada-Soriano ,&nbsp;José Ignacio Priego-Quesada","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110627","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110627","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The aim of this preliminary study was to evaluate the applicability of low-cost infrared thermography cameras for assessing lumbar sympathetic blocks (LSBs) in patients diagnosed with lower limb Complex Regional Pain Syndrome. Skin temperature was monitored in 7 patients (8 LSBs) over 220 s following the injection of a local anesthetic (10 ml of 0.25 % levobupivacaine together with 80 mg of triamcinolone) aimed at inducing vasodilation in the affected foot. Two infrared cameras, FLIR E60 (high-performance) and HIKMICRO Mini-X (low-cost), and a black body calibrator (BX-500 IR) were used. For both feet, mean, maximum, and corrected mean skin temperatures (adjusted using the black body) were recorded. Based on these, variations (relative to baseline) and temperature asymmetries were calculated. In most cases, effect sizes between camera measurements were negligible or small. However, moderate effect sizes were found in some mid-test variation parameters (e.g., ES = 0.7 for mean skin temperature variation). Reliability between cameras was acceptable for most parameters (ICC&gt;0.40), and excellent for corrected mean temperature (ICC = 0.89) and asymmetry metrics (ICC&gt;0.83). In conclusion, low-cost infrared thermography cameras may be suitable for evaluating LSB performance when focusing on skin temperature asymmetry, and the use of a black body reference to correct mean temperature measurements.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"223 ","pages":"Article 110627"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145838089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stochasticity of single-cavity heterogeneous bubble growth in saturated pool boiling","authors":"Run-Sheng Qi,&nbsp;Ya-Nan Li,&nbsp;Zeng-Yao Li","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110634","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110634","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The heterogeneous bubble growth dynamics is a fundamental aspect of nucleate boiling. Attentions have focused more on the generality in the “typical” bubble cycle in most previous studies, but less on the stochasticity of the bubble growth process. In this study, successive heterogeneous bubble nucleation-growth-departure cycles from a fixed single cavity on a horizontal surface with the static contact angle of 59.5° in saturated nucleate pool boiling of deionized water are experimentally investigated, covering the wall superheat of 6.1–15.5 K and the system pressure of 18–99.2 kPa. Distinct stochasticity for both the growth time and the departure radius of the successive bubbles is manifested under the same system conditions, which is responsible for the discrepancies of the bubble growth coefficient under the classical theoretical framework. It is revealed that the instability of the surrounding fluid-thermal environment has a prominent influence on the stochasticity of the bubble growth coefficient, which is governed by the competition between the natural convection induced by the temperature difference and the rewetting convection induced by the bubble departure. The stochasticity of the bubble growth coefficient increases versus the Richardson Number, <em>Ri</em>, with a mutation occurring at about <em>Ri</em> = 10, while the stochasticity of the bubble departure radius closely depends on that of the bubble growth coefficient with a growing relevance versus the Jacob number. Furthermore, a method to predict the heterogeneous bubble growth is proposed in consideration of the effect of the stochasticity. This new insight captures the general characteristics of bubble growth through a dimensionless correlation, while the stochasticity is controlled in a separate dimensional correlation involving only the departure parameters. Within the Jacob number range of 18.9–141.4, the dimensionless correlation demonstrates good overall performance, with the deviations from experiments remaining low at a MAPE of 1.72–3.88 %.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"223 ","pages":"Article 110634"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145838096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on steady-state temperature field distribution of spur gear considering angular misalignment error","authors":"Peng Dong ,&nbsp;Desheng Zou ,&nbsp;Chang Xiong ,&nbsp;Shumiao Zuo ,&nbsp;Junbin Lai ,&nbsp;Xiangyang Xu ,&nbsp;Shuhan Wang ,&nbsp;Yanfang Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110628","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110628","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Angular misalignment error, a common defect arising from manufacturing and assembly processes in gear transmission systems, leads to non-uniform load distribution on tooth surfaces and consequently causes uneven steady-state temperature fields. To accurately and efficiently compute the tooth surface temperature distribution under angular misalignment error, this study proposes a novel computational method for determining the steady-state temperature field of gear teeth. The approach employs Loaded Tooth Contact Analysis (LTCA) to evaluate load distribution across tooth surfaces incorporating angular misalignment error. Subsequently, the transient friction coefficient of the tooth surface is calculated based on Thermo-Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication (TEHL) theory. Building upon this foundation, the meshing heat flux of the gear teeth is quantified, and the convective heat transfer coefficient of the tooth surface was determined. Based on thermal equilibrium theory, the steady-state temperature field of gears is subsequently obtained. Utilizing this model, a systematic analysis is carried out to investigate the effect of misalignment direction and magnitude on tooth surface load distribution, lubrication characteristics, and temperature field evolution. The results indicate that angular misalignment error in the <em>y</em>-direction exhibit significant sensitivity in both load distribution and lubrication-induced temperature variations. Finally, the validity of the proposed model was verified through finite element method (FEM) and experiment. This study provides theoretical support for elucidating the temperature field distribution characteristics of gears under angular misalignment error.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"223 ","pages":"Article 110628"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145881212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Visualization experimental study on two-phase flow boiling characteristics in leaf vein manifold microchannel heat sinks","authors":"Keyi Huang ,&nbsp;Guiping Lin ,&nbsp;Yuandong Guo ,&nbsp;Kai Tang ,&nbsp;Jinyin Huang ,&nbsp;Hongxing Zhang ,&nbsp;Jianyin Miao","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110604","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.110604","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Manifold microchannel (MMC) cooling has emerged as a critical technology for thermal management in high-heat-flux microelectronics. While previous studies focused on thermal-hydraulic performance, mechanistic understanding of two-phase flow regimes remains limited. In this study, visualization experiments were conducted to examine flow boiling characteristics in leaf vein manifold microchannel (LVMMC) heat sinks compared with conventional straight manifold microchannels (SMMC). HFE-7000 was employed under controlled flow rates (20–160 mL/min) and heat fluxes (0–100 W/cm²), with two-phase dynamics being recorded through synchronized thermal measurements and high-speed imaging. Significant temperature reductions exceeding 5 °C were achieved in LVMMC compared to SMMC across all tested flow rates, attributed to the 45° incidence angle that improved flow distribution uniformity and enhanced convective heat transfer. High-speed visualization revealed periodic liquid replenishment in inlet manifolds as CHF conditions were approached. This phenomenon was associated with inlet vapor backflow, which was identified as the primary triggering mechanism of CHF. The symmetric LVMMC-1 reduced the liquid replenishment cycle duration by approximately 30 % compared to SMMC, resulting in a CHF enhancement exceeding 20 %. While the asymmetric LVMMC-2 demonstrated the highest heat transfer coefficient of 13,888 W/(m²·K) due to enhanced nucleation at inlet corners, the LVMMC-1 exhibited superior coefficient of performance reaching 16,320 and better stability under high heat fluxes. This work elucidates the flow regime transitions in MMCs and demonstrates the efficacy of bioinspired LVMMC designs in addressing high-heat-flux cooling challenges.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"223 ","pages":"Article 110604"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145789445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}