Forensic Science International: Reports最新文献_第2页

Analytical validation study of the RapidHIT™ ID and RapidLINK™ v2.0.1 system to generate and process profiles with ACE GlobalFiler™ Express cartridge RapidHIT™ID和RapidLINK™v2.0.1系统的分析验证研究，使用ACE GlobalFiler™Express试剂盒生成和处理配置文件

Q3 Medicine

Forensic Science International: Reports

Pub Date : 2026-06-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsir.2025.100448

Melissa Shear, Jaime Brachold, Prachi Christian, Charles Troup, Rino Radhakrishnan

The Applied Biosystems™ RapidHIT™ ID System¹ is a highly automated and simple-to-use instrument that produces trusted laboratory-quality forensic DNA short tandem repeat (STR) profiles in as little as 90 min. The system has been optimized for use in decentralized environments and for processing presumed single-source DNA samples, generating Combined DNA Index System (CODIS)-compatible DNA profiles. The system delivers reliable, reproducible, high-quality electrophoretic data with management software that enables real-time access, review, and control of STR profiles. The RapidHIT™ ID instrument and RapidLINK™ v2.0.1 software validation studies were performed using Applied Biosystems ACE GlobalFiler™ Express sample cartridges with single source reference samples in accordance with the FBI Quality Assurance Standards and guidelines from the Scientific Working Group for DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM). The results from these validation studies are reported here for sensitivity, specificity, inhibitors, size precision, concordance, contamination and carryover, mixtures, and reproducibility and repeatability. In addition, it is demonstrated that multiple RapidHIT ID systems networked with RapidLINK form a highly reliable system for wide-scale deployment in locations such as police booking stations and Ports of Entry, enabling real-time testing of arrestees, potential human trafficking victims and other instances where rapid turnaround is essential.

应用生物系统™RapidHIT™ID System1是一种高度自动化且易于使用的仪器，可在短短90 min内生成可靠的实验室质量法医DNA短串联重复序列（STR）图谱。该系统已经过优化，适用于分散环境和处理假定的单源DNA样本，生成与CODIS兼容的DNA图谱。该系统通过管理软件提供可靠、可重复、高质量的电泳数据，实现实时访问、审查和控制STR配置文件。RapidHIT™ID仪器和RapidLINK™v2.0.1软件验证研究使用应用生物系统公司ACE GlobalFiler™Express样品盒和单源参考样品，按照FBI质量保证标准和DNA分析方法科学工作组（SWGDAM）的指南进行。这些验证研究的结果在这里报告了敏感性、特异性、抑制剂、尺寸精度、一致性、污染和携带性、混合物、再现性和可重复性。此外，它还证明了多个RapidHIT ID系统与RapidLINK联网形成了一个高度可靠的系统，可在警察局和入境口岸等地点大规模部署，从而能够实时测试被捕者、潜在的人口贩运受害者和其他需要快速周转的情况。

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引用次数: 0

Chemical analysis of fire debris in atypical fire incidents 非典型火灾中火灾碎片的化学分析

Q3 Medicine

Forensic Science International: Reports

Pub Date : 2026-06-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsir.2026.100453

Kang Hua Lee, Thiam Bon Lim

In atypical fire cases where ignitable liquid residues were undetected using traditional fire debris detection methods, analyzing other chemical traces such as the gaseous and volatile organic contents, and liquid and solid components of the debris itself, can shed light on the fire events. The forensic laboratory has broadened the scope of instrumental techniques to analyze the diverse nature of samples from fire scenes. In this paper, we reviewed the laboratory’s analytical findings of fire debris samples submitted from atypical fire incidents in recent years. We demonstrated how multi-instrumental approaches usually employed in chemical unknowns analysis, combined with understanding of the correlation between the detected compounds’ physical and chemical properties and the fire, help trace possible primary ignition sources. In local cases, potential sources of fuel in the initial event of atypical fires were categorized into flammable gases, self-heating materials, reactive mixtures, and combustible substances. However, interpreting analytical results and classifying fuel sources remain challenging as they may be subjected to the scale and complexity of scene debris, altered states, detectability of fuel traces, and the limited comprehension of the laboratory regarding the fire properties and behavior of the detected compounds and parent materials.

在使用传统的火灾碎片检测方法无法检测到可燃液体残留物的非典型火灾案件中，分析其他化学痕迹，如气体和挥发性有机成分，以及碎片本身的液体和固体成分，可以揭示火灾事件。法医实验室扩大了仪器技术的范围，以分析火灾现场样品的多样性。在本文中，我们回顾了近年来实验室对非典型火灾事件中提交的火灾碎片样本的分析结果。我们展示了在化学未知物分析中通常使用的多仪器方法，结合对被检测化合物的物理和化学性质与火灾之间的相关性的理解，有助于追踪可能的一次点火源。在局部情况下，在最初的非典型火灾事件中，潜在的燃料来源分为可燃气体、自热材料、反应混合物和可燃物质。然而，解释分析结果和对燃料来源进行分类仍然具有挑战性，因为它们可能受到现场碎片的规模和复杂性、改变状态、燃料痕迹的可探测性以及实验室对被探测化合物和母材的火灾特性和行为的有限理解的影响。

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引用次数: 0

Legal and ethical breaches in personal health data handling among cardiologists: A multicenter survey on compliance gaps and forensic risk 心脏病专家个人健康数据处理中的法律和道德违规：一项关于合规差距和法医风险的多中心调查

Q3 Medicine

Forensic Science International: Reports

Pub Date : 2026-06-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsir.2025.100444

Ufuk İyi̇gün , Deniz Ergene

Background

The digitization of healthcare services in Türkiye has introduced significant legal and ethical challenges, particularly concerning the protection of personal health data. Despite established legal frameworks, limited empirical data exist regarding the behavioral and legal awareness of physicians, especially cardiologists, in complying with data protection regulations.

Objective

To evaluate the legal and practical awareness of cardiologists in Türkiye regarding the protection of personal health data, identify common non-compliant practices, and assess associated forensic risks.

Methods

A cross-sectional, multicenter survey was conducted with 52 cardiologists from various institutions in Türkiye. The questionnaire, developed through literature review and expert input, included 12 items addressing clinical data practices, password sharing, anonymization awareness, and communication methods. Descriptive statistical analysis was performed using SPSS v26.

Results

The majority of respondents demonstrated poor compliance with core data protection principles. While 71 % were aware of legal sanctions, nearly half admitted to sharing patient data without consent, and 78.85 % used unsecured platforms like WhatsApp for data transmission. Moreover, 67.31 % were unfamiliar with anonymization, and only one-third maintained exclusive control over their digital signatures.

Conclusions

This study highlights a critical gap between legal knowledge and clinical practice among cardiologists in Türkiye. Institutional interventions—including targeted training, legal education, and secure data systems—are urgently needed to improve compliance, mitigate forensic risk, and uphold patient privacy.

背景：土耳其医疗保健服务的数字化带来了重大的法律和道德挑战，特别是在保护个人健康数据方面。尽管建立了法律框架，但关于医生，特别是心脏病专家在遵守数据保护法规方面的行为和法律意识方面的经验数据有限。目的评估土耳其心脏病专家在个人健康数据保护方面的法律和实践意识，识别常见的不合规做法，并评估相关的法医风险。方法采用横断面、多中心调查方法，对来自日本各机构的52名心脏病专家进行调查。该问卷通过文献综述和专家意见制定，包括12个项目，涉及临床数据实践、密码共享、匿名意识和沟通方法。采用SPSS v26进行描述性统计分析。结果大多数受访者对核心数据保护原则的遵守程度较差。虽然71% %的人知道法律制裁，但近一半的人承认未经同意分享患者数据，78.85% %的人使用WhatsApp等不安全的平台进行数据传输。此外，67.31 %的人不熟悉匿名化，只有三分之一的人对他们的数字签名保持独家控制。结论：这项研究突出了法律知识与临床实践之间的关键差距在泰国心脏病专家。迫切需要机构干预，包括有针对性的培训、法律教育和安全的数据系统，以提高合规性，降低法医风险，并维护患者隐私。

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引用次数: 0

Corrigendum to “Forensic reconstruction of an incident scene using rigid body photogrammetry techniques” [Forensic Sci. Int.: Rep. 13 (2026) 100443] “使用刚体摄影测量技术重建事故现场的法医”的勘误表[法医科学]。Int。：众议员13 (2026)100443]

Q3 Medicine

Forensic Science International: Reports

Pub Date : 2026-06-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsir.2026.100458

Kevin Gilmore, Geoffrey T. Desmoulin, Szymon Claridad, Marc-André Nolette, Theodore E. Milner

引用次数: 0

Application of qualitative and quantitative techniques to estimate the sex of Brazilian skulls and mandibles 应用定性和定量技术估计巴西头骨和下颌骨的性别

Q3 Medicine

Forensic Science International: Reports

Pub Date : 2026-06-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsir.2026.100450

Ezequiel Ortiz Rosa , Sergio Ricardo Marques , Edgard Michel-Crosato , Thais Torralbo Lopes-Capp , Maria Gabriela Haye Biazevic

Estimating sex in human skulls is an essential step in forensic identification. The combined application of qualitative and quantitative techniques allows for greater accuracy, especially in specific populations such as the Brazilian one, characterized by great biological diversity. Considering the ethnic and geographic diversity of Brazil, this study aims to conduct a comparative assessment of accuracy for sex estimation applicable to the Brazilian population. The research was conducted with 96 skulls and 96 mandibles from the collection of the Federal University of São Paulo, using two distinct methods: the qualitative (anthroposcopy) method and the quantitative (anthropometric) method. Although qualitative and quantitative analyses are constantly discussed, there is a lack of comparison between analyses in the Brazilian population. The qualitative analysis had a 73.00 % accuracy rate with a 0.524 kappa coefficient, while the quantitative method had an 82.00 % overall accuracy, with greater sensitivity for females (95.00 %). The variables Maxium Cranial Length (GOL), Basion-Bregma Height (BBH), and Bizygomatic Width (ZYB) (skull), as well as Bigonial Width (BGB) and Right Mandibular Ramus Height (MRHd) (mandible), showed greater discriminatory capacity according to the area under the ROC curve. The research highlights that, although the qualitative method is traditionally accepted and of practical application, it is more subject to interobserver errors, while the quantitative method offers greater standardization and precision, being useful mainly in forensic contexts that require objective and statistically based data. It is concluded that. Quantitative and qualitative findings indicate the need for additional research to validate new methods and improve outcomes for the Brazilian population. Hence, they should be applied to local population samples for greater reliability in forensic results.

估计人类头骨的性别是法医鉴定的重要步骤。定性和定量技术的结合应用可以提高准确性，特别是在诸如巴西的特定种群中，其特点是生物多样性很大。考虑到巴西的种族和地理多样性，本研究旨在对适用于巴西人口的性别估计的准确性进行比较评估。这项研究使用了来自圣保罗联邦大学的96个头骨和96个下颌骨，采用了两种不同的方法：定性（人体镜）方法和定量（人体测量学）方法。虽然不断讨论定性和定量分析，但在巴西人口中缺乏分析之间的比较。定性分析的准确率为73.00 %，kappa系数为0.524，而定量分析的总体准确率为82.00 %，对女性的敏感性更高（95.00 %）。根据ROC曲线下的面积，最大颅长（GOL）、基底-布雷格马高度（BBH）和双颧宽度（ZYB）（颅骨）以及双叉宽度（BGB）和右下颌支高度（MRHd）（下颌骨）显示出更大的区分能力。研究强调，尽管定性方法在传统上被接受和实际应用，但它更容易受到观察者之间错误的影响，而定量方法提供了更高的标准化和精度，主要在需要客观和基于统计的数据的法医环境中有用。结论是。定量和定性研究结果表明，需要进一步研究以验证新方法并改善巴西人口的结果。因此，它们应应用于当地人口样本，以提高法医结果的可靠性。

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引用次数: 0

Empirical evaluation of 56 microhaplotypes with cryptic variation for kinship testing in a Korean population 韩国人群56个微单倍型隐性变异亲缘关系检测的实证评价

Q3 Medicine

Forensic Science International: Reports

Pub Date : 2026-06-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsir.2026.100451

Sohee Cho , Kyoung-Jin Shin , Soong Deok Lee

Microhaplotypes (microhaps), composed of two or more SNPs within short DNA segments, have emerged as promising markers for forensic kinship testing, offering advantages over conventional STRs. However, their resolution for distant relationships remains limited, prompting efforts to improve panel performance. This study evaluated a 56-locus microhap panel in a Korean population and examined the effects of incorporating cryptic variations adjacent to established microhap loci, identified through massively parallel sequencing. Using data from 281 individuals across 53 families, the panel demonstrated superior discrimination in parent-child, full-siblings, and second-degree relatives pairs compared with STRs, while resolution for third-degree relatives remained challenging. A total of 72 cryptic variations were detected across 38 loci, increasing the mean effective allele number (A_e) from 3.288 to 3.476 and generating 23 novel haplotypes. Incorporating these variants led to modest but consistent improvements in likelihood ratio distributions across all kinship categories. These findings highlight that leveraging cryptic variations can enhance microhap-based kinship inference without panel redesign, providing a cost-effective and scalable strategy for improving forensic kinship analysis. Further studies in larger and multi-ethnic populations will be essential to validate and optimize this approach for broader forensic applications.

微单倍型（Microhaplotypes, microhaps）由短DNA片段中的两个或多个snp组成，已成为法医亲属检验的有希望的标记，具有优于传统str的优势。然而，他们对远距离关系的解决方案仍然有限，这促使人们努力提高小组的表现。本研究评估了韩国人群中56个位点的微hap面板，并检查了通过大规模平行测序确定的与已建立的微hap位点相邻的隐变的影响。使用来自53个家庭的281个人的数据，该小组表明，与str相比，亲子、全兄妹和二度亲属对的歧视更强，而三度亲属的解决方案仍然具有挑战性。在38个位点共检测到72个隐型变异，平均有效等位基因数（Ae）从3.288个增加到3.476个，产生23个新的单倍型。纳入这些变异导致所有亲属类别的似然比分布适度但持续改善。这些发现强调，利用隐性变异可以增强基于微谱的亲属关系推断，而无需重新设计面板，为改进法医亲属关系分析提供了一种具有成本效益和可扩展的策略。在更大的多种族人群中进行进一步的研究对于验证和优化这种方法以用于更广泛的法医应用至关重要。

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引用次数: 0

Descriptive quality of traumatic lesion documentation in emergency medical certificates 急诊诊断书中创伤损伤记录的描述质量

Q3 Medicine

Forensic Science International: Reports

Pub Date : 2026-06-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsir.2025.100446

Khedija Zaouche , Hana Harzallah , Emna Rezgui , Emna Kallel , Rania Hmaissi , Wicem Hannachi , Fedya El Ayech , Manel Kallel

Purpose

The Initial Medical Certificate (IMC) is a crucial medico-legal document, particularly in cases of physical violence, where its descriptive accuracy directly influences its evidentiary value in legal and compensation processes. This study aimed to assess the quality of traumatic lesion documentation in IMCs issued in emergency departments and to identify common deficiencies.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective descriptive study between July and September 2022 in the emergency department of a regional hospital in Tunisia. IMCs issued following physical assault or road traffic accidents were included. Evaluation focused on five common lesion types (erythema, ecchymosis, hematoma, excoriation, wound) using standardized criteria: size, shape, color, depth, location, and estimated age. A binary scoring system classified documentation quality as good, average, or poor.

Results

Out of 218 IMCs analyzed, 54.6 % involved female patients with a mean age of 37 years. Judicial requisitions prompted 94.4 % of the certificates. Descriptions were rated as poor in 47.2 % of cases and average in 52.8 %. No certificate included anatomical landmarks. Wounds were the best described (p < 0.001), while ecchymoses were more often poorly documented (p = 0.016). Lesion size (p < 0.001) and depth (p = 0.02) were the most frequently reported elements.

Conclusion

Significant deficiencies were found in the documentation of elementary lesions, compromising the medico-legal value of IMCs. Implementing structured reporting tools and ongoing training is essential to improve descriptive quality and the probative strength of these certificates.

目的初步医疗证明是一份至关重要的医学法律文件，特别是在身体暴力案件中，其描述的准确性直接影响其在法律和赔偿程序中的证据价值。本研究旨在评估急诊科发布的IMCs创伤性病变记录的质量，并找出常见的缺陷。方法：我们于2022年7月至9月在突尼斯一家地区医院的急诊科进行回顾性描述性研究。人身攻击或道路交通事故后发出的综合影响评估报告也包括在内。评估集中在五种常见的病变类型（红斑、瘀斑、血肿、擦伤、伤口），使用标准化标准：大小、形状、颜色、深度、位置和估计年龄。二进制评分系统将文档质量分为好、一般或差。结果在分析的218例IMCs中，54.6% %涉及平均年龄为37岁的女性患者。司法征用促使94.4 %的证书。描述差的病例占47.2% %，平均的病例占52.8% %。没有证明包括解剖标志。伤口的描述最好（p <； 0.001），而瘀斑的记录往往较差（p = 0.016）。病变大小（p <； 0.001）和深度（p = 0.02）是最常报道的因素。结论原发性病变文献存在明显缺陷，影响了IMCs的法医学价值。实施结构化报告工具和持续培训对于提高这些证书的描述质量和证明强度至关重要。

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引用次数: 0

Technical note: Extraction and analysis of DNA from rhamphotheca collected from an unknown Corvidae forensic sample 技术说明：从一个未知的鸦科法医样本中收集的鼠甲提取和分析DNA

Q3 Medicine

Forensic Science International: Reports

Pub Date : 2026-06-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsir.2026.100460

Darren J. Wostenberg

Wildlife forensics analyzes evidence from crimes against wildlife and has many disciplines. The recovery of genetic evidence can be difficult from crafted items or evidence that has decomposed or become degraded. The utility of sampling the rhamphotheca as a source of DNA from an avian skull evidence item was investigated and compared to the DNA recovered from one quadrate bone. The quantity and quality of the DNA recovered from both structures was suitable for mitochondrial DNA analysis and determination of the taxonomic origin of the evidence item. This technique effectively recovered DNA while minimizing damage to the evidence item.

野生动物法医分析针对野生动物的犯罪证据，有许多学科。从精心制作的物品或已经分解或退化的证据中恢复遗传证据可能很困难。研究了从鸟类头骨证据项目中取样鼠颈骨作为DNA来源的效用，并将其与从一块方形骨中恢复的DNA进行了比较。从两个结构中提取的DNA的数量和质量适合于线粒体DNA分析和证据项目分类起源的确定。这项技术有效地恢复了DNA，同时最大限度地减少了对证据项目的损害。

引用次数: 0

Forensic reconstruction of an incident scene using rigid body photogrammetry techniques 使用刚体摄影测量技术对事故现场进行法医重建

Q3 Medicine

Forensic Science International: Reports

Pub Date : 2026-06-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsir.2025.100443

Kevin Gilmore , Geoffrey T. Desmoulin , Szymon Claridad , Marc-André Nolette , Theodore E. Milner

Forensic biomechanics is used to draw conclusions about incident and injury reports, relying on images of the incident for relevant photogrammetric measurement techniques, such as spatial resection and intersection. However, these techniques rely on the quality and type of media available, which can vary substantially. As such, this study aims to quantify the error associated with utilizing various supporting media. A simulated incident scene containing 2 objects of interest, a model rifle and a motorcycle, was 3D scanned and recorded from 3 camera angles. PhotoModeler was used to measure the 3D location of these objects with supporting media being limited to the use of a 3D scan, calibrated or uncalibrated cameras, single or multiple viewing angles, and stationary or moving cameras. The results of statistical analysis demonstrated that, when supported by a scan, single and multiple camera angles resulted in similar positional measurement errors. Mean errors of 6.52 cm and 5.98 cm for the single view, compared to ranges of 3.73–5.71 cm and 2.56 – 13.74 cm with multiple views, were found for the motorcycle and rifle, respectively. Also, using 3 stationary cameras resulted in lower distance and orientation errors than 3 frames from a moving camera. Thus, it was concluded that supporting 3D scans provide the highest level of accuracy and the use of single or multiple stationary cameras demonstrated higher accuracy compared to mobile cameras. Using 3D scans in conjunction with stationary cameras provides reliability and admissibility of photogrammetry-based evidence in forensic investigations.

法医生物力学是利用事件和伤害报告得出结论，依靠事件的图像进行相关的摄影测量技术，如空间切除和相交。然而，这些技术依赖于可用媒体的质量和类型，这可能有很大差异。因此，本研究旨在量化与使用各种支持媒体相关的误差。模拟的事件现场包含两个感兴趣的物体，一个模型步枪和一辆摩托车，从3个摄像机角度进行3D扫描和记录。使用PhotoModeler来测量这些物体的3D位置，支持媒体仅限于使用3D扫描，校准或未校准的相机，单个或多个视角，以及静止或移动的相机。统计分析结果表明，在扫描支持下，单个和多个相机角度导致相似的位置测量误差。摩托车和步枪的平均误差分别为3.73-5.71 cm和2.56 - 13.74 cm，而单视图的平均误差分别为6.52 cm和5.98 cm。此外，使用3个固定摄像机比使用3个移动摄像机产生更低的距离和方向误差。因此，得出的结论是，支持3D扫描提供了最高水平的精度，使用单个或多个固定相机与移动相机相比，显示出更高的精度。在法医调查中，将3D扫描与固定摄像机结合使用可提供基于摄影测量的证据的可靠性和可采性。

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引用次数: 0

Forensic aspects of sexual assaults examined at the Department of Forensic Medicine of the University Hospital Center of Bogodogo, Burkina Faso 在布基纳法索博戈多戈大学医院中心法医学部门对性侵犯的法医方面进行了检查

Q3 Medicine

Forensic Science International: Reports

Pub Date : 2026-06-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsir.2026.100449

W.N. Ramdé , S. Bagré , M. Tall , R. Kagambèga , B. Doudoulgou , B. Sawadogo , P.W. Compaoré

Introduction

Sexual assaults are a global issue and remain a major concern in African countries. They raise significant medico-legal challenges. This study, conducted at the Department of Forensic Medicine of CHU-B, aimed to investigate the epidemiological, clinical, and medico-legal aspects of sexual assault victims received.

Materials and methods

We carried out a retrospective descriptive study over five years (from April 15, 2017, to April 14, 2021) in the Forensic Medicine Department of Bogodogo University Hospital (CHU-B).

This was an exhaustive sampling of all case files of sexual assault victims received in our study setting.

Results

We collected 205 case files of victims. The mean age was 15.46 years. The sex ratio was 0.025. Pupils/students represented 29.26 %. Perpetrators were adult males in 90.24 % of cases and acted alone in 90.24 %. Threats were reported in 78.05 % of cases, including 12.19 % with a bladed weapon and 4.88 % with a firearm. Assaults took place at home in 68.29 % of cases. In 70.73 % of cases, victims reported having been sexually penetrated by the male organ in the vagina, mouth, or anus. Victims examined showed clinical signs consistent with recent vaginal sexual penetration in 51.22 %. Spermatozoa were found in 8.78 % of cases.

Conclusion

Sexual assaults remain a public health problem. Studying the associated factors will help determine specific preventive actions.

性侵犯是一个全球性问题，在非洲国家仍然是一个主要问题。它们带来了重大的医疗法律挑战。这项研究是在中央大学法医学系进行的，目的是调查性侵犯受害者的流行病学、临床和医学法律方面的情况。材料和方法我们在博戈多戈大学医院（CHU-B）法医学部进行了为期五年（2017年4月15日至2021年4月14日）的回顾性描述性研究。这是我们在研究环境中收到的所有性侵犯受害者案件档案的详尽抽样。结果收集到205份受害者案件档案。平均年龄15.46岁。性别比为0.025。小学生/学生占29.26% %。90.24 %为成年男性，90.24 %为单独施暴者。78.05 %的案件报告了威胁，其中12.19 %使用有刃武器，4.88 %使用枪支。68.29% %的案件发生在家中。在70.73 %的病例中，受害者报告曾被阴道、口腔或肛门的男性器官性侵。在51.22 %的受害者中，检查的临床症状与近期阴道性侵一致。精子占8.78 %。结论性侵犯仍然是一个公共卫生问题。研究相关因素将有助于确定具体的预防措施。

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引用次数: 0