Journal of Leather Science and Engineering最新文献

Insight into the sunlight-mediated photodegradation of active pharmaceuticals using ZnO-doped TiO2/Carbon nanocomposite derived from leather waste 利用从皮革废料中提取的zno掺杂TiO2/碳纳米复合材料，深入了解活性药物在阳光介导下的光降解

Journal of Leather Science and Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-10-01 DOI: 10.1186/s42825-026-00270-9

Ravichandran Sushmitha, Palanisamy Thanikaivelan

Treatment of pharmaceutical wastewater is gaining importance due to health risks. In this study, carbon sourced from vegetable-tanned leather waste was utilized to develop an effective photocatalyst. ZnO incorporated TiO₂/carbon nanocomposites were synthesized via the sol–gel route by systematically changing the TiO₂:ZnO mass ratio. The nanocomposites exhibited a reduction in band gap energy values and particle size as ZnO content increased. The photocatalytic performance of the synthesized materials was tested for degrading sulfasalazine (SUZ) and losartan potassium (LP) under visible light and sunlight conditions. The ZnO@TiO₂/carbon (with a 1:0.075 mass ratio of TiO₂:ZnO) nanocomposite with a band gap energy of 3.23 eV demonstrated maximum degradation efficiencies of 97% and 96% for SUZ and LP, respectively, under sunlight illumination within 120 min. The photocatalytic degradation of SUZ was studied using radical scavengers and EPR spin-trap experiments. The findings indicate that superoxide (O₂^⋅−), holes from valence band (h_vb⁺) and adsorbed hydroxyl radicals (^⋅OH_ads) are the primary reactive species involved in the degradation of SUZ. Catalyst reuse was demonstrated up to three cycles. The photocatalytic performance was further evaluated in a synthetic wastewater matrix containing representative inorganic ions and natural organic matter, where the CTZ5 nanocomposite maintained appreciable degradation efficiency. ESI/MS based mechanistic studies identified 4-nitro-N-(2-pyridinyl)benzenesulfonamide and sulfapyridine as key intermediates. These findings highlight the nanocomposite’s strong potential for pharmaceutical wastewater treatment, thus contributing to environmental sustainability.

Graphical Abstract

由于存在健康风险，制药废水的处理变得越来越重要。在这项研究中，利用植物鞣制皮革废料中的碳来开发一种有效的光催化剂。通过系统地改变TiO2:ZnO的质量比，采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了ZnO掺杂TiO2/碳纳米复合材料。随着ZnO含量的增加，纳米复合材料的带隙能值和粒径减小。在可见光和日光条件下，测试了合成材料对磺胺嘧啶（SUZ）和氯沙坦钾（LP）的光催化降解性能。该ZnO@TiO2/碳（TiO2:ZnO质量比为1:0. 05）纳米复合材料带隙能量为3.23 eV，在阳光照射120 min内，对SUZ和LP的降解效率分别达到97%和96%。采用自由基清除剂和EPR自旋阱实验研究了SUZ的光催化降解。结果表明，超氧化物（O2⋅−）、价带空穴（hvb+）和吸附的羟基自由基（⋅OHads）是参与SUZ降解的主要反应物质。催化剂可重复使用三次。在含有代表性无机离子和天然有机物的合成废水基质中进一步评价了CTZ5纳米复合材料的光催化性能，其中CTZ5纳米复合材料保持了可观的降解效率。基于ESI/MS的机制研究发现，4-硝基-n -（2-吡啶基）苯磺酰胺和磺胺吡啶是关键中间体。这些发现突出了纳米复合材料在制药废水处理方面的强大潜力，从而有助于环境的可持续性。图形抽象

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引用次数: 0

Bio-hydrophilic chain extenders with amphiphilic character for waterborne polyurethane derived from castor oil/tea seed oil: separation, synthesis, and application 以蓖麻油/茶籽油为原料制备的两亲性水性聚氨酯生物亲水扩链剂：分离、合成及应用

Journal of Leather Science and Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-10-01 DOI: 10.1186/s42825-026-00263-8

Can Li, Yuanhang Zhang, Wan Li, Li Wang, Jun Xiang, Haojun Fan, Hongmei Jiang, Lijuan Sun, Jinsong Tang

Unsaturated vegetable fatty acids, as a renewable resource, are abundantly present in vegetable oils, exhibiting significant potential for the synthesis of bio-polyols and bio-based polyurethanes (PUs). Herein, castor oil (CO) and tea seed oil (TSO) were selected as feedstocks to fabricate bio-based hydrophilic chain extenders (HCEs) for water-based polyurethane (WPU). Firstly, the raw oils were treated through a three-step process involving saponification, acidification and urea inclusion purification, yielding unsaturated ricinoleic acid (RA) and oleic acid (OA) with high purities of 93.99% and 92.72%, respectively. Subsequently, an efficient thiol-ene click reaction was carried out to prepare amphiphilic ricinoleic acid-based chain extender (RACE) and amphiphilic oleic acid-based chain extender (OACE) under ambient conditions (1 h, room temperature) with relatively lower molecular weight (M_w) and accurate functionality (f_− OH= 2). The activation energies for the reactions of RACE/OACE and dimethylolpropionic acid (DMPA) with isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) were evaluated via non-isothermal DSC kinetic analysis (Kissinger method and Ozawa method), and the apparent activation energy (Ea from Kissinger/Eo from Ozawa) values were found to be 76.66/78.88 kJ·mol⁻¹ for RACE and 74.58/76.91 kJ·mol⁻¹ for OACE, respectively, which were slightly higher than that of DMPA (Ea/Eo = 73.01/75.32 kJ·mol⁻¹). Application of these bio-HCEs for preparing WPU revealed that the particle size and absolute zeta potential of emulsion with more than 0.0248 mol bio-HCEs were equivalent to those of the emulsion with 0.0192 mol DMPA, and the resultant WPU films showed enhanced broken elongation, increased water contact angles, and reduced water absorption ratio. Collectively, the significance of this work resides in providing a feasible and potentially universal strategy for fabricating bio-HCEs from natural unsaturated oils and offering a sustainable alternative for the advancement of WPU.

Graphical Abstract

不饱和植物脂肪酸作为一种可再生资源，大量存在于植物油中，在合成生物多元醇和生物基聚氨酯（pu）方面具有重要的潜力。以蓖麻油（CO）和茶籽油（TSO）为原料，制备了用于水性聚氨酯（WPU）的生物基亲水性扩链剂（HCEs）。首先，通过皂化、酸化、尿素包合纯化三步处理，得到纯度分别为93.99%和92.72%的不饱和蓖麻油酸（RA）和油酸（OA）。随后，在室温条件下（1 h）进行了高效的巯基咔嗒反应，制备了分子量相对较低（Mw）、官能团较精确（f−OH= 2）的两亲性蓖麻油酸基扩链剂（RACE）和两亲性油酸基扩链剂（OACE）。采用非等温DSC动力学分析（Kissinger法和Ozawa法）对RACE/OACE和二甲基丙酸（DMPA）与异花酮二异氰酸酯（IPDI）反应的活化能进行了评价，得到RACE的表观活化能（Kissinger法/ Ozawa法）为76.66/78.88 kJ·mol−¹，OACE的表观活化能为74.58/76.91 kJ·mol−¹，略高于DMPA的表观活化能（Ea/Eo = 73.01/75.32 kJ·mol−¹）。结果表明，添加0.0248 mol hce的乳液与添加0.0192 mol DMPA的乳液的粒径和zeta绝对电位相当，制备的WPU膜断裂伸长率提高，水接触角增加，吸水率降低。总的来说，这项工作的意义在于为从天然不饱和油中制造生物hce提供了一个可行的和潜在的通用策略，并为WPU的发展提供了一个可持续的替代方案。图形抽象

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引用次数: 0

Ionic liquids promote extraction of collagen from skins/leather and application of collagen-based materials 离子液体促进了皮肤/皮革中胶原蛋白的提取和胶原基材料的应用

Journal of Leather Science and Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-10-01 DOI: 10.1186/s42825-026-00259-4

Kai Wang, Xin Luo, Weidong Zhao, Yan Bao, Xiaoyan Pang, Jian Sun

Collagen is the key structural component of skins and leather. Currently, the commonly used methods for collagen extraction are acid treatment, alkaline treatment, or enzymatic hydrolysis. However, these approaches often compromise the native molecular structure and generate significant environmental burdens. As one of the green, and highly efficient extraction strategies, ionic liquids (ILs) technology has emerged as a promising direction. This work first outlines the advantages of the ILs extraction method over other extraction techniques. The IL extraction method can enhance collagen yield, and its extraction process is more environmentally friendly and economical. Subsequently, it reviews recent advances in collagen extraction from skins and leather using ILs, emphasizing their role in enhancing collagen yield. The work summarizes the mechanism whereby ILs disrupt hydrogen bonds and ionic bonds stabilizing collagen molecular structures, thereby forming reversible new interactions to facilitate extraction. It was found that ILs have significant advantages in the application of collagen-based materials. In addition to improving the extraction efficiency of collagen, ILs can also promote the functionalization modification of collagen. It can not only regulate the microstructure and mechanical properties of collagen, but also give collagen antibacterial, conductive and other functions. Meanwhile, due to the low volatility, low toxicity and recyclability of ILs, the cost and environmental risks are greatly reduced. Particular attention is given to practical applications in drug delivery systems, tissue engineering, flexible sensors, and leather industry, underlining the broad technological relevance of this approach. Finally, we identify current limitations and outline future research directions. By consolidating the latest findings, this review aims to accelerate broader adoption of IL technologies, fostering greener, more sustainable trajectories for collagen.

Graphical Abstract

胶原蛋白是皮肤和皮革的关键结构成分。目前，常用的胶原蛋白提取方法有酸处理、碱处理或酶水解。然而，这些方法往往会破坏天然分子结构，并产生重大的环境负担。离子液体萃取技术作为一种绿色高效的萃取技术，已成为一个很有前景的发展方向。这项工作首先概述了ILs提取方法相对于其他提取技术的优点。IL提取法可以提高胶原蛋白的得率，其提取过程更加环保和经济。随后，综述了近年来利用ILs从皮肤和皮革中提取胶原蛋白的研究进展，强调了它们在提高胶原蛋白产量方面的作用。总结了il破坏稳定胶原分子结构的氢键和离子键的机制，从而形成可逆的新相互作用，促进提取。结果表明，il在胶原基材料的应用中具有明显的优势。除了提高胶原蛋白的提取效率外，还可以促进胶原蛋白的功能化修饰。它不仅能调节胶原蛋白的微观结构和力学性能，还能赋予胶原蛋白抗菌、导电等功能。同时，由于ILs的低挥发性、低毒性和可回收性，大大降低了成本和环境风险。特别关注药物输送系统，组织工程，柔性传感器和皮革工业的实际应用，强调了这种方法的广泛技术相关性。最后，我们指出了当前的局限性并概述了未来的研究方向。通过巩固最新发现，本综述旨在加速IL技术的广泛采用，促进胶原蛋白更环保，更可持续的发展轨迹。图形抽象

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引用次数: 0

Animal collagen as a source of antihypertensive bioactive peptides: production technologies, structural characteristics, and molecular mechanisms 动物胶原蛋白作为降压生物活性肽的来源：生产技术、结构特征和分子机制

Journal of Leather Science and Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-10-01 DOI: 10.1186/s42825-026-00265-6

Phanthipha Laosam, Rayudika Aprilia Patindra Purba, Sasikan Katemala, Saranya Suwanangul, Chakkapat Aenglong, Nattapol Pongsamai, Yong Yue, Jukkrapong Pinyo, Papungkorn Sangsawad

Hypertension affects approximately 1.4 billion adults globally, yet nearly 80% of hypertensive individuals remain inadequately controlled, underscoring the urgent need for safe, food-based interventions. Collagen-derived bioactive peptides from animal sources represent promising functional food ingredients for blood pressure management through controlled enzymatic hydrolysis. This review integrates evidence from source characteristics through clinical validation. A critical synthesis of 47 characterized peptides across bovine, porcine, poultry, and marine sources suggests that enzymatic processing parameters, rather than source origin per se, are key determinants of peptide bioactivity, with hydrolysis conditions critically influencing peptide size distribution, sequence diversity, and ACE inhibitory potency. Multiple complementary mechanisms extending beyond angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition—including antioxidant activity, endothelial function restoration, and renin-angiotensin system modulation—operate synergistically, contributing to blood pressure reduction. Clinical evidence from randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses confirms significant antihypertensive efficacy in humans with favourable safety profiles. Quality standardization encompassing structure-activity characterization and functional biomarkers remains a key bottleneck for functional food applications. This review bridges agricultural animal production and food science by establishing a comprehensive framework linking collagen source selection, processing technology, peptide structure, and clinical outcomes—providing actionable guidance for developing evidence-based antihypertensive functional foods.

Graphical Abstract

高血压影响全球约14亿成年人，但近80%的高血压患者仍未得到充分控制，因此迫切需要采取安全的、以食物为基础的干预措施。动物源胶原蛋白衍生的生物活性肽是通过控制酶水解来控制血压的有前途的功能性食品成分。本综述通过临床验证整合了来源特征的证据。对牛、猪、家禽和海洋来源的47种特征肽的关键合成表明，酶处理参数，而不是来源本身，是肽生物活性的关键决定因素，水解条件严重影响肽的大小分布、序列多样性和ACE抑制效力。血管紧张素转换酶抑制之外的多种互补机制——包括抗氧化活性、内皮功能恢复和肾素-血管紧张素系统调节——协同作用，有助于降低血压。来自随机对照试验和荟萃分析的临床证据证实，该药物在人类中具有显著的抗高血压疗效，且具有良好的安全性。包括结构-活性表征和功能生物标志物在内的质量标准化仍然是功能食品应用的关键瓶颈。本文通过建立胶原蛋白来源选择、加工技术、肽结构和临床结果的综合框架，将农业动物生产和食品科学联系起来，为开发基于证据的降压功能食品提供可操作的指导。图形抽象

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引用次数: 0

Electroactive biodegradable microneedles for minimally invasive real-time, in-situ plant physiological monitoring and industrial NH3 sensing 用于微创实时、原位植物生理监测和工业NH3传感的电活性可生物降解微针

Journal of Leather Science and Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-09-01 DOI: 10.1186/s42825-026-00254-9

Huie Jiang, Tianqi Zhao, Lijuan Chen, Peng Guo, Lanxue Zou, Lin Yang, Xinhua Liu

Real-time, in situ monitoring of plant physiological parameters and industrial toxic gas emissions is vital for advancing precision agriculture and ensuring environmental safety. Herein, we developed an electroactive biodegradable microneedle (PPG-MN) sensor enabling minimally invasive monitoring of interstitial glucose, ambient temperature, humidity, and environmental ammonia (NH₃) gas leakage. The sensor matrix was fabricated using a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) network interpenetrated with conductive polyaniline (PANI) and doped with phytic acid (PA), while glucose oxidase (GOx) was immobilized for specificity. The resulting microneedle array exhibited sufficient mechanical strength to penetrate the plant epidermis, establishing a stable electrode–tissue interface via hydrogel swelling. The sensor demonstrated excellent environmental friendliness, featuring a pathogen inhibition rate exceeding 97% and complete soil biodegradation within 35 days. By integrating enzymatic sensing with a temperature and humidity compensation mechanism (effective across 25–50 °C and 25%–50% relative humidity (RH)), the PPG-MN achieved a rapid response time (< 30 s) and a wide linear detection range (1–100 mM). Furthermore, continuous in situ monitoring of Epipremnum aureum leaves over 14 h successfully tracked dynamic glucose fluctuations driven by photosynthesis and respiration. Additionally, leveraging the reversible doping/de-doping mechanism of the PA-doped PANI network, the hydrogel base acts as a highly sensitive chemiresistive gas sensor. The PPG-MN exhibited a strong linear response (R^² = 0.986) to NH₃ across a broad concentration range of 10 to 500 ppm, effectively encompassing the typical toxic emission levels encountered during leather deliming processes. These results indicate that the PPG-MN sensor is a promising, eco-friendly tool for both agricultural Internet of Things (IoT) systems and hazardous gas pre-warning in industries like leather processing.

Graphical Abstract

实时、原位监测植物生理参数和工业有毒气体排放对于推进精准农业和确保环境安全至关重要。在此，我们开发了一种电活性可生物降解微针（PPG-MN）传感器，可以微创监测间质葡萄糖、环境温度、湿度和环境氨（NH3）气体泄漏。传感器基质采用聚乙烯醇（PVA）网络与导电聚苯胺（PANI）互穿，植酸（PA）掺杂，葡萄糖氧化酶（GOx）固定以提高特异性。所制备的微针阵列具有足够的机械强度，可以穿透植物表皮，通过水凝胶膨胀建立稳定的电极-组织界面。该传感器具有良好的环境友好性，病原菌抑制率超过97%，35天内完全降解土壤。通过将酶传感与温度和湿度补偿机制（在25-50°C和25%-50%相对湿度（RH）下有效）相结合，PPG-MN实现了快速响应时间（30 s）和宽线性检测范围（1-100 mM）。此外，对金黄色小檗叶片连续监测14 h，成功地跟踪了光合作用和呼吸作用驱动下葡萄糖的动态波动。此外，利用pa掺杂聚苯胺网络的可逆掺杂/脱掺杂机制，水凝胶碱作为高灵敏度的化学电阻气体传感器。PPG-MN在10 ~ 500 ppm的浓度范围内对NH3表现出强烈的线性响应（R²= 0.986），有效地涵盖了皮革划界过程中遇到的典型有毒排放水平。这些结果表明，PPG-MN传感器对于农业物联网（IoT）系统和皮革加工等行业的有害气体预警都是一种有前途的环保工具。图形抽象

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引用次数: 0

A synergistic nanotherapy for skin photoaging via self-assembly of epigallocatechin-3-gallate and recombinant human collagen 通过表没食子儿茶素-3-没食子酸酯和重组人胶原蛋白的自组装对皮肤光老化的协同纳米疗法

Journal of Leather Science and Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-09-01 DOI: 10.1186/s42825-026-00264-7

Huan Xia, Rufei Huang, Qihong Wu, Xun Tang, Tao Meng, Yufei Fan, Ziyi Li, Jinping Zhang, Yadong Huang, Yan Yang

UV-induced skin photoaging is a complex pathology driven by oxidative stress and extracellular matrix (ECM) depletion. Although recombinant human collagen (RHC) and epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) address these mechanisms, their synergy is limited by RHC’ s poor permeability and EGCG’ s instability. Here, we present a supramolecular co-assembly strategy to overcome these barriers. Validated by molecular dynamics simulations, we utilized the intrinsic proline-rich domains of RHC as anchors for EGCG to construct uniform nanospheres (< 100 nm). This architecture sterically shields EGCG, significantly enhancing stability and reducing cytotoxicity. Biologically, the nanospheres restored mitochondrial membrane potential and promoted anti-inflammatory M2 macrophage polarization. In a photoaging mouse model, the nanospheres outperformed monotherapies, effectively reversing epidermal hyperplasia and restoring the Type I/III collagen ratio. This study resolves the delivery-stability paradox of protein–polyphenol therapeutics, offering a potent strategy for regenerating photodamaged skin.

Graphical Abstract

紫外线诱导的皮肤光老化是一种由氧化应激和细胞外基质（ECM）耗竭驱动的复杂病理。虽然重组人胶原蛋白（RHC）和表没食子儿茶素-3-没食子酸酯（EGCG）解决了这些机制，但它们的协同作用受到RHC渗透性差和EGCG不稳定性的限制。在这里，我们提出了一种超分子共组装策略来克服这些障碍。通过分子动力学模拟验证，我们利用RHC固有的富含脯氨酸的结构域作为EGCG的锚点，构建了均匀的纳米球（< 100 nm）。这种结构立体屏蔽EGCG，显著提高稳定性和降低细胞毒性。生物学上，纳米球恢复线粒体膜电位，促进抗炎M2巨噬细胞极化。在光老化小鼠模型中，纳米球优于单一疗法，有效地逆转表皮增生并恢复I/III型胶原蛋白比例。这项研究解决了蛋白质-多酚治疗的输送-稳定性悖论，为再生光损伤皮肤提供了一种有效的策略。图形抽象

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引用次数: 0

Near-infrared light-activated collagen-based hydrogel with oriented microchannel structure promoting fibroblast infiltration and inflammatory resolution‌ 具有定向微通道结构的近红外光激活胶原基水凝胶促进成纤维细胞浸润和炎症消退

Journal of Leather Science and Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-09-01 DOI: 10.1186/s42825-026-00258-5

Hui Chen, Yongbin Xu, Ying Zhou, Zhilang Xu, Jimin Guo, Changdao Mu, Defu Li, Liming Ge

Tissue repair is challenged by inefficient cellular infiltration and prolonged inflammation. Herein, the mesoporous polydopamine nanoparticles were loaded with spermidine and then encapsulated in agarose, which were incorporated into the oxidized hyaluronic acid crosslinked collagen matrix to fabricate NIR-activated hydrogel (DOCH@P) by the directional freeze-thaw process. DOCH@P hydrogel had obvious oriented microchannel structure due to the extrusion of directional ice crystals and the chemical crosslinking during the directional freeze-thaw process, besides enhanced mechanical properties, viscoelasticity and favorable tissue adhesive strength. DOCH@P hydrogel with photothermal performance promoted the melting of the agarose in the shell of nanoparticles under NIR-activation, thus achieving NIR-responsive spermidine release behavior. NIR-activated DOCH@P hydrogel exhibited significantly robust broad-spectrum antibacterial activity and antioxidative activity. Significantly, DOCH@P hydrogel demonstrated superior capabilities in inducing directional migration and infiltration of fibroblasts through the synergistic integration of the oriented microchannels physical contact guidance and spermidine bioactivity. Based on the multi-layered spermidine-mediated immunoregulation, NIR-activated DOCH@P hydrogel ultimately drove macrophages towards anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype to alleviate excessive inflammation and remold immune homeostasis. Overall, the NIR-activated collagen-based hydrogel with oriented microchannel structure provides a promising scaffold foundation for guiding tissue regeneration through physical contact-guided cellular infiltration and anti-inflammation.

Graphical Abstract

组织修复受到低效细胞浸润和长期炎症的挑战。本研究将介孔聚多巴胺纳米粒子负载亚精胺，然后包被琼脂糖，通过定向冻融工艺将琼脂糖掺入氧化透明质酸交联胶原基质中，制备nir活化水凝胶（DOCH@P）。DOCH@P水凝胶在定向冻融过程中，由于定向冰晶的挤压和化学交联，形成了明显的定向微通道结构，力学性能、粘弹性和组织粘接强度均得到了提高。DOCH@P具有光热性能的水凝胶在nir激活下促进纳米颗粒壳内琼脂糖的熔化，从而实现nir响应的亚精胺释放行为。nir活化的DOCH@P水凝胶具有显著的广谱抗菌活性和抗氧化活性。值得注意的是，DOCH@P水凝胶通过定向微通道、物理接触引导和亚精胺生物活性的协同整合，在诱导成纤维细胞定向迁移和浸润方面表现出优越的能力。nir激活的DOCH@P水凝胶基于亚精胺介导的多层免疫调节，最终驱动巨噬细胞向抗炎M2表型发展，减轻过度炎症，重塑免疫稳态。综上所述，nir激活的具有定向微通道结构的胶原基水凝胶为通过物理接触引导细胞浸润和抗炎症来指导组织再生提供了一个有前景的支架基础。图形抽象

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引用次数: 0

Efficient and eco-friendly method of gelatin production from bovine hide by acid-thermal treatment and protease-aided process: one-pot biocatalysis approaches 酸热处理和蛋白酶辅助工艺制备牛皮明胶的高效环保方法：一锅生物催化方法

Journal of Leather Science and Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-08-19 DOI: 10.1186/s42825-026-00252-x

Buqing Ye, Ziyu Wei, Chunxiao Zhang, Biyu Peng, Lili Yan

To simultaneously achieve high yield and high gel strength in gelatin derived from bovine hide, an enzymatic preparation process was investigated in this study. This process was developed based on the assessment and optimization of the hydrolytic performance of selected proteases on acid-thermal denatured hide collagen. Subsequently, a one-pot technology for gelatin preparation was developed by optimizing the hydrolysis conditions of the selected acid protease, which integrates the conventional process of acid washing, deacidification, gelatin extraction and desalting into a single operation. The results indicated that the appropriate selection of acid proteases could improve both the gelatin yield and its gel strength. Under the optimal conditions of 40 °C, pH 4.0, acidic protease dosage of 350 U/g, and constant-temperature stirring for 6 h, the gelatin yield increased to 92.7%, the gel strength reached 210.0 Bloom g, and the other physicochemical properties of the resulting products fulfilled the requirements of industrial gelatin (QB/T 1995–2024). Moreover, the total water consumption, wastewater discharge, acid usage, and energy consumption decreased by approximately 78.9%, 100.0%, 90.0%, and 28.6%, respectively, and the energy consumption during the gelatin drying process achieved a 63.5% reduction. This study provides technical support for efficient utilization and green development of animal hides/skins resources.

Graphical Abstract

为了同时获得高收率和高凝胶强度的牛皮明胶，研究了酶法制备牛皮明胶的工艺。该工艺是在评价和优化选定蛋白酶对酸热变性兽皮胶原蛋白水解性能的基础上开发的。随后，通过优化所选酸性蛋白酶的水解条件，开发了一锅法制备明胶的工艺，将传统的酸洗、脱酸、明胶提取、脱盐工艺整合为一个工序。结果表明，选择合适的酸性蛋白酶可以提高明胶的产率和凝胶强度。在最佳条件为40℃、pH 4.0、酸性蛋白酶用量350 U/g、恒温搅拌6 h下，明胶收率提高到92.7%，凝胶强度达到210.0 Bloom g，其他理化性能满足工业明胶（QB/T 1995-2024）的要求。总用水量、废水排放量、酸用量和能耗分别下降了约78.9%、100.0%、90.0%和28.6%，明胶干燥过程能耗降低了63.5%。本研究为兽皮资源的高效利用和绿色发展提供了技术支持。图形抽象

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引用次数: 0

Recombinant humanized collagen type Ⅲ-modified rapamycin liposomes for promoting osteoarthritis repair 重组人源胶原蛋白Ⅲ-修饰雷帕霉素脂质体促进骨关节炎修复

Journal of Leather Science and Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-08-02 DOI: 10.1186/s42825-026-00257-6

Chenxin Liu, Wenling Dai, Xingchen Zhao, Sirui Mao, Likun Guo, Yujiang Fan, Xingdong Zhang

Osteoarthritis (OA), a prevalent chronic degenerative joint disorder, affects hundreds of millions of people worldwide and has become a leading cause of joint pain and functional impairment in middle-aged and elderly populations. It not only severely compromises patients’ quality of life but also imposes a significant socioeconomic burden on public health systems. Targeting key pathological processes in OA, such as inflammatory responses, chondrocyte apoptosis, and dysregulated autophagy, an injectable liposomal system named RAPA@Lipo/rhCol Ⅲ were developed in this study. This system consisted of rapamycin-loaded liposomes surface-modified with recombinant human collagen type Ⅲ (rhCol Ⅲ). It enabled sustained release of rapamycin to precisely inhibit the mTOR pathway, thereby exerting synergistic biological effects including anti-inflammation, inhibition of chondrocyte apoptosis, and promotion of autophagy. Moreover, the surface collagen modification enhanced the system’s biocompatibility and provided essential matrix microenvironment cues and bioactive signals for cartilage repair. Experimental results demonstrated that RAPA@Lipo/rhCol Ⅲ effectively scavenged reactive oxygen species in chondrocytes, promoted cell proliferation and cartilage matrix synthesis, and modulated the expression of autophagy- and inflammation-related genes, thereby synergistically achieving structural and functional restoration of OA cartilage across multiple dimensions. The integrated “disease modulation-tissue repair” strategy proposed in this study offerd a novel approach and experimental evidence for targeted therapy and functional regeneration in osteoarthritis.

Graphical Abstract

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引用次数: 0

Immobilizing lignin-based carbonized polymer dots onto layered double hydroxides for high-performance supercapacitors with recyclable Fenton-like reactivity 木质素基碳化聚合物点固定化层状双氧水上的高性能超级电容器具有可回收的类芬顿反应性

Journal of Leather Science and Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-08-01 DOI: 10.1186/s42825-026-00256-7

Pengfei Zhou, Jun Guo, Shiman Chen, Shenao Yuan, Yuanchen Zhu, Xiao Xiao, Jikun Xu

Emerging carbonized polymer dots (CPDs) from natural aromatic-like lignin biopolymer have ignited the renaissance of sustainable nanoscale biomass valorization but are hindered by structural instability and functionality barriers. Herein, we report an interfacial heterostructure engineering that immobilizes lignin-based dual-emissive CPDs onto Fe, Co layered double hydroxides (LDHs), with the function of a recyclable electrode. The CPDs deliver a stable metal-ion binding behavior via rapid light-quenching with a low limit-of-detection, which are fixed into FeCo-LDH to improve the electrical conductivity, available reactive site, structural stability, and charge storage. The reconstructed FeCo-LDH@CPDs electrode outputs an ultrahigh specific capacitance of 1842.0 F g^− 1 at 1 A g^− 1. When assembled into a symmetrical supercapacitor (SSCs), it also achieves a superior energy density of 33.79 Wh kg^− 1 at 375 W kg^− 1, excellent rate performance and long-term cycling lifespan (100% retention after 10,000 cycles even at 20 A g^− 1). To validate a closed-loop upcycling of end-of-life electrode, we demonstrate that the recycled FeCo-LDH@CPDs offer a robust Fenton-like catalytic reactivity to fulfill a rapid, reversible and ionic anti-interfering antibiotics elimination. We confirm the participation of singlet oxygen ¹O₂-dominated reactive oxygen species and persistent electron shuttling in tetracycline oxidation. Towards achieving renewable resource technologies, our work sheds an insight on designing high-performance CPDs-hybrid electrode from biomass, ranging from lignin to collagen and/or leather, with the reusable catalytic capabilities to exert a bifunctional energy-water footprint.

Graphical Abstract

天然类芳香木质素生物聚合物的碳化聚合物点（CPDs）点燃了可持续纳米尺度生物质增值的复兴，但其结构不稳定性和功能障碍阻碍了其发展。在此，我们报道了一种界面异质结构工程，将木质素基双发射CPDs固定在Fe， Co层双氢氧化物（LDHs）上，具有可回收电极的功能。cpd通过快速光猝灭和低检测限提供稳定的金属离子结合行为，将其固定在feo - ldh中，以提高电导率，可用的反应位点，结构稳定性和电荷存储。重建的FeCo-LDH@CPDs电极在1ag−1时输出1842.0 F g−1的超高比电容。当组装成对称超级电容器（ssc）时，它还可以在375 W kg−1时达到33.79 Wh kg−1的优越能量密度，具有优异的倍率性能和较长的循环寿命（即使在20 a g−1下，10,000次循环后仍保持100%）。为了验证报废电极的闭环升级循环，我们证明了回收的FeCo-LDH@CPDs提供了强大的芬顿类催化反应性，以实现快速，可逆和离子抗干扰抗生素的消除。我们证实了单线态氧o2主导的活性氧和持续的电子穿梭参与了四环素氧化。为了实现可再生资源技术，我们的工作揭示了从生物质（从木质素到胶原蛋白和/或皮革）设计高性能cpds混合电极的见解，具有可重复使用的催化能力，以发挥双功能的能源-水足迹。图形抽象

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