Journal of Leather Science and Engineering最新文献_第3页

Biochemical and structural insights into dehairing proteases for efficient leather processing 生物化学和结构的见解脱毛蛋白酶有效的皮革加工

Journal of Leather Science and Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-05-04 DOI: 10.1186/s42825-026-00250-z

P. Sujitha, K. G. Poornima, C. Shanthi

Dehairing proteases are eco-friendly alternatives to chemical dehairing process. Yet, their widespread industrial adoption requires focused research on key factors influencing their efficacy. Earlier research on two microbial proteases, SP01 (from Bacillus cereus VITSP01) and SP02 (from Brevibacterium luteolum VITSP02), revealed a correlation between substrate specificity for proteoglycans and dehairing efficacy. Herein, a comprehensive comparative analysis of their biochemical, thermodynamic, and molecular characteristics was performed to elucidate the determinants of their performance. In comparison to SP01, SP02 could cleave skin proteoglycans and dehair goat skins efficiently at lower temperatures (15 °C and 37 °C). Additionally, it exhibited thermolability, lower activation energy (Ea = 27.003 kJ mol⁻¹) and tolerance to 10% SDS, non-ionic detergents, and 20% NaCl, while Ca²⁺ had a stabilizing effect on its structure. The protease genes of SP01 and SP02 were identified to be trypsin-like peptidase domain-containing protein and S8 family peptidase, respectively. The docking and molecular dynamics simulation revealed stabler interactions between proteoglycans and SP02 compared to SP01. The penetration of SP02 was faster than that of SP01 through skin matrix, probably due to its lower molecular weight (around 30 kDa), pI (about 4.6), proteoglycan degrading property, and smaller Rg and Rh. In silico structural analyses suggested some salient structural features responsible for the cold tolerance of SP02, and the resultant structural flexibility along with a larger catalytic pocket and longer multiple substrate-interacting tunnels could enable better substrate accommodation. In conclusion, SP02 was demonstrated as a potential dehairing enzyme with cold tolerant structural features. This study revealed some key determinants influencing its efficacy and stability, thereby implying improvements for process optimization.

Graphical Abstract

The alternative text for this image may have been generated using AI.

脱毛蛋白酶是化学脱毛过程的环保替代品。然而，它们在工业上的广泛应用需要集中研究影响其功效的关键因素。早期对两种微生物蛋白酶SP01（来自蜡样芽孢杆菌VITSP01）和SP02（来自黄体短杆菌VITSP02）的研究发现，蛋白质多糖的底物特异性与脱毛效果之间存在相关性。在此，对它们的生化、热力学和分子特性进行了全面的比较分析，以阐明其性能的决定因素。与SP01相比，SP02在较低温度（15°C和37°C）下能有效地裂解山羊皮肤蛋白多糖和脱毛。此外，它还具有耐热性，较低的活化能（Ea = 27.003 kJ mol−1），耐10% SDS、非离子洗涤剂和20% NaCl， Ca2+对其结构有稳定作用。SP01和SP02的蛋白酶基因分别为胰蛋白酶样肽酶结构域蛋白和S8家族肽酶。对接和分子动力学模拟表明，与SP01相比，蛋白聚糖与SP02之间的相互作用更稳定。SP02通过皮肤基质的速度要快于SP01，这可能是由于SP02的分子量（约30 kDa）、pI（约4.6）、蛋白聚糖降解性能较低，Rg和Rh也较小。硅结构分析表明，SP02的一些显著结构特征决定了其耐寒性，由此产生的结构灵活性以及更大的催化袋和更长的多衬底相互作用隧道可以更好地容纳衬底。综上所述，SP02是一种具有耐寒结构特征的脱毛酶。该研究揭示了影响其功效和稳定性的一些关键因素，从而暗示了工艺优化的改进。此图像的替代文本可能是使用AI生成的。

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引用次数: 0

A comprehensive review of life cycle assessment in the leather industry: progress toward circularity, key challenges, and future directions 对皮革行业生命周期评估的全面回顾：迈向循环的进展、主要挑战和未来方向

Journal of Leather Science and Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-05-02 DOI: 10.1186/s42825-026-00246-9

Bing Li, Xiangxiang Wan, Shuo Wang, Xiangyu Chen, Wenhui Lu, Shan Cao, Deyi Zhu

This comprehensive review examines the application of life cycle assessment (LCA) in the leather industry, emphasizing its pivotal role in advancing circular economy integration. Through literature analysis and case studies, this review demonstrates how LCA facilitates animal by-product valorization, waste minimization, and material circularity, transforming traditional leather production into a paradigm of resource efficiency. Key environmental hotspots are identified across system boundaries: animal husbandry dominates Cradle-to-Grave impacts, while chemical usage (e.g., chrome agents) and energy-intensive processes prevail in leather processing, modulated by regional energy mixes. Emerging sustainable technologies and waste valorization innovations show promise in curbing ecological footprints. However, challenges persist, including methodological inconsistencies, data shortages, and regional disparities. To overcome these challenges, the review advocates for unified sector-specific databases, multidimensional assessment frameworks, and AI-driven modeling. Ultimately, LCA emerges as an essential tool for impact quantification, circular transitions, and sustainable industry evolution.

Graphical Abstract

The alternative text for this image may have been generated using AI.

本文综合考察了生命周期评估（LCA）在皮革行业的应用，强调了其在推进循环经济一体化中的关键作用。通过文献分析和案例研究，本综述展示了LCA如何促进动物副产品的增值、废物最小化和材料循环，将传统的皮革生产转变为资源效率的典范。跨系统边界确定了关键的环境热点：畜牧业主导着从摇篮到坟墓的影响，而化学品使用（如铬剂）和能源密集型工艺在皮革加工中占主导地位，受区域能源组合的调节。新兴的可持续技术和废物增值创新在遏制生态足迹方面显示出希望。然而，挑战依然存在，包括方法不一致、数据短缺和地区差异。为了克服这些挑战，报告倡导建立统一的特定行业数据库、多维评估框架和人工智能驱动的建模。最终，LCA成为影响量化、循环转型和可持续行业发展的重要工具。此图像的替代文本可能是使用AI生成的。

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引用次数: 0

Preparation and application of a novel sucrose-based amphoteric retanning agent for sustainable leather making 新型蔗糖基两性可持续制革复鞣剂的制备及应用

Journal of Leather Science and Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-05-01 DOI: 10.1186/s42825-025-00235-4

Yang Gao, Nan Sun, Xia Li, Xue-pin Liao

The reliance on fossil-derived compounds in most conventional retanning agents faces a challenge to the sustainable development of the leather industry. Consequently, the development of environmentally friendly biomass-based retanning agents is urgently needed. In this research, a novel sucrose-based amphoteric retanning agent (GLS) was synthesized with a weight-average molecular weight of 3.48 × 10⁴ g/mol. The molecular structure of GLS was determined using FT-IR, ¹³C-NMR, XPS, and EA. The GLS exhibited a favorable isoelectric point (pI = 4.68) as a retanning agent. At a 10% dosage, GLS retanning of wet-blue resulted in a 14.42% thickness increase, substantially greater than that achieved with commercial amino resin (CML, 6.77%) and acrylic resin (LP, 10.8%) retanning agents. GLS also exhibited superior absorption (87.13%) compared to CML (75.27%) and absorption comparable to LP (89.2%). Notably, GLS improved the uptake of subsequent anionic fatliquoring agents compared to CML and LP. Moreover, GLS-retanned leather displayed good thermal stability and commendable physical and mechanical properties. The BOD₅/COD value of the GLS retanning wastewater was 0.48, indicating its excellent biodegradability. Life cycle assessment further highlighted the environmental benefits of GLS compared to LP and CML. These findings position GLS as a promising biomass-derived amphoteric retanning agent with the potential to displace conventional fossil-derived alternatives.

Graphical Abstract

The alternative text for this image may have been generated using AI.

大多数传统复鞣剂对化石衍生化合物的依赖对皮革工业的可持续发展提出了挑战。因此，迫切需要开发环保型生物质复鞣剂。本研究合成了一种新型的蔗糖基两性复鞣剂（GLS），其平均分子量为3.48 × 104 g/mol。通过FT-IR、13C-NMR、XPS和EA对GLS的分子结构进行了表征。作为复鞣剂，GLS具有良好的等电点（pI = 4.68）。在10%的剂量下，湿蓝GLS复鞣剂的厚度增加了14.42%，大大大于商用氨基树脂（CML, 6.77%）和丙烯酸树脂（LP, 10.8%）复鞣剂的厚度增加。与CML（75.27%）相比，GLS的吸收率为87.13%，与LP（89.2%）相当。值得注意的是，与CML和LP相比，GLS改善了后续阴离子加脂剂的吸收。此外，gls复鞣皮革表现出良好的热稳定性和良好的物理机械性能。GLS复鞣废水的BOD₅/COD值为0.48，表明其具有良好的生物可降解性。与LP和CML相比，生命周期评估进一步强调了GLS的环境效益。这些发现表明，GLS是一种有前途的生物质衍生两性复鞣剂，有可能取代传统的化石衍生替代品。此图像的替代文本可能是使用AI生成的。

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引用次数: 0

Bridging the gap in pre-market immunological evaluation: a progressive strategy for recombinant collagen medical devices 弥合上市前免疫学评价的差距：重组胶原蛋白医疗器械的进步策略

Journal of Leather Science and Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-05-01 DOI: 10.1186/s42825-026-00239-8

Can Huang, Zhihui Li, Shuang Wu, Peiliang Shi, Zhengzhong Wu, Xiaoju Fan, Jie Li, Yuanxin Zhai, Yun Chu, Xinhui Wang, Hao Le, Huimin Wang, Huilin Sun, Jinyu Lv, Longyang Wu, Yujiang Fan, Haihang Li, Tun Yuan

Conventional immunotoxicological approaches are often insufficient to comprehensively elucidate the complex immune responses that may arise during the degradation, metabolite generation, and tissue integration of protein-based medical devices. To address this limitation, we established and applied a six-tiered, stepwise immunological evaluation framework in an appropriate murine model, aiming to systematically characterize the immunological risks of proteinaceous biomaterials. This framework sequentially incorporates baseline immune screening, marketed product comparison, interspecies differentiation, dose–response validation, temporal dynamics assessment, and delayed response detection. By integrating multiple dimensions of readouts, including antibody levels (IgG, IgM, IgA), cytokine profiles (IL-2, IL-6, IL-12p70, IFN-γ, TNF-α), complement activation (C3, C4, C5), immune cell phenotyping, and splenic lymphocyte functionality, the framework establishes a structured, quantifiable, and scalable evaluation pathway. Using recombinant human collagen for injectable fillers as a model material, we demonstrated that this strategy effectively distinguishes diverse immune response types and differentiates material-intrinsic effects from interspecies artifacts, thereby confirming its applicability and interpretive strength in immunological safety assessment of protein-based biomaterials. Collectively, the proposed six-tiered evaluation strategy not only overcomes the limitations of traditional single-parameter or short-term assessments, but also provides a scientifically rigorous and systematic methodology that can serve as a versatile tool for both immunological evaluation and design validation of protein-based and other complex biomacromaterials.

Graphical Abstract

The alternative text for this image may have been generated using AI.

传统的免疫毒理学方法往往不足以全面阐明在蛋白质医疗器械的降解、代谢物产生和组织整合过程中可能出现的复杂免疫反应。为了解决这一限制，我们在适当的小鼠模型中建立并应用了一个六层逐步免疫评估框架，旨在系统地表征蛋白质生物材料的免疫风险。该框架依次包括基线免疫筛选、上市产品比较、种间分化、剂量-反应验证、时间动力学评估和延迟反应检测。通过整合多个维度的读数，包括抗体水平（IgG、IgM、IgA）、细胞因子谱（IL-2、IL-6、IL-12p70、IFN-γ、TNF-α）、补体激活（C3、C4、C5）、免疫细胞表型和脾淋巴细胞功能，该框架建立了一个结构化的、可量化的、可扩展的评估途径。利用重组人胶原蛋白作为可注射填充材料的模型材料，我们证明了该策略有效区分了不同的免疫反应类型，并区分了材料的内在效应和物种间的人工产物，从而证实了其在蛋白质基生物材料的免疫安全性评估中的适用性和解释力。总的来说，所提出的六层评价策略不仅克服了传统的单参数或短期评价的局限性，而且提供了一种科学严谨和系统的方法，可以作为蛋白质和其他复杂生物高分子材料的免疫学评价和设计验证的通用工具。此图像的替代文本可能是使用AI生成的。

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引用次数: 0

Improved mechanical performance and enzymatic stability of crosslinked dry amniotic membrane by spraying 喷雾法提高交联干羊膜的力学性能和酶稳定性

Journal of Leather Science and Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-04-16 DOI: 10.1186/s42825-026-00241-0

Yue’e Wang, Liyang Cao, Haina He, Arooj Khabbir, Chun Hu, Renping Liu, Yang Lei

Human amniotic membrane (AM), a valuable natural biomaterial, is increasingly used in clinical applications. However, its limited mechanical strength and rapid degradation restrict broader use. To address these limitations, we developed a spray-applied crosslinking method for dry AM. A spray delivery of 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC) with N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS), combined with a hydrogen-bond-supplementing solution (oxygen-containing compounds), produced a crosslinked dry AM with improved mechanical strength and enhanced resistance to enzymatic degradation in vitro. The EDC/NHS chemistry promoted the formation of covalent bonds within the collagen network, increasing tensile strength and enzymatic stability, while the hydrogen-bond supplement preserved the membrane’s native flexibility after rehydration. The maximum uniaxial tensile fracture stress of the crosslinked AM increased by 156.1%, and the weight loss ratio of enzymatic degradation decreased from 100% to 63.6%. These results indicated that the spray crosslinking protocol yielde a mechanically robust, enzymatically stabilized AM without compromising flexibility, and might expand the membrane’s clinical applicability.

Graphical Abstract

The alternative text for this image may have been generated using AI.

人羊膜（AM）作为一种珍贵的天然生物材料，越来越多地应用于临床。然而，其有限的机械强度和快速降解限制了其更广泛的应用。为了解决这些限制，我们开发了一种用于干燥AM的喷雾交联方法。在体外实验中，将1-乙基-3-（3-二甲氨基丙基）碳二亚胺（EDC）与n-羟基琥珀酰亚胺（NHS）喷雾递送，结合氢键补充溶液（含氧化合物），制备出具有提高机械强度和增强抗酶降解能力的交联干燥AM。EDC/NHS化学促进了胶原网络内共价键的形成，增加了拉伸强度和酶稳定性，而氢键补充保留了再水化后膜的天然柔韧性。交联AM的最大单轴拉伸断裂应力提高了156.1%，酶降解失重率从100%下降到63.6%。这些结果表明，喷雾交联方案产生了机械坚固，酶稳定的AM，而不影响灵活性，并可能扩大膜的临床适用性。此图像的替代文本可能是使用AI生成的。

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引用次数: 0

ACE inhibitory and DPP-IV inhibitory activity of collagen peptides derived from the snapper salmon (Otolithes ruber) skin collagen via papain and pepsin-trypsin hydrolysis 经木瓜蛋白酶和胃蛋白酶-胰蛋白酶水解，从鲷鱼（otolithruber）皮肤胶原蛋白中提取的胶原肽抑制ACE和DPP-IV活性

Journal of Leather Science and Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-04-15 DOI: 10.1186/s42825-026-00248-7

Cherise Elisha, Prashant Bhagwat, Ayodeji Amobonye, Santhosh Pillai

Fish-based collagen supplements have potential health benefits, including antioxidant, ACE inhibitory, and DPP-IV inhibitory properties, which are expressed upon their digestion in the gastrointestinal system, thus releasing bioactive peptides (BPs). This study evaluated the pre-digestion of fish collagen using papain as a pre-digestive enzyme, which has broad specificity to enhance collagen breakdown and BPs release. Fish skin collagen was extracted via acid solubilisation, confirmed as type-I, and subsequently hydrolysed using two methods: pepsin-trypsin digestion (PTD) and pre-digestion with papain followed by PTD (PDPTD). The PDPTD–fish collagen hydrolysates (FCH) exhibited IC50 values (mg/mL) of 0.088 for ACE, 1.67 for DPP-IV, as well as 2.38 and 0.026 for antioxidant activities including DPPH and ABTS radicals scavenging, respectively, which were significantly lower than that of PTD-FCH. The FCH (PTD and PDPTD) were identified using LC-MS/MS analysis, and molecular docking studies showed lower binding energies for PDPTD–FCH peptides, particularly IGFPGFPG, against ACE (-11.2 kcal/mol) and DPP-IV (-9.1 kcal/mol), suggesting better inhibitory ability exhibited by BPs. This study highlighted fish collagen as a valuable source of BPs with enhanced bioactivity when pre-digested with papain, indicating its potential for functional foods and nutraceutical industries.

Graphical Abstract

The alternative text for this image may have been generated using AI.

鱼基胶原蛋白补充剂具有潜在的健康益处，包括抗氧化、ACE抑制和DPP-IV抑制特性，这些特性在胃肠道系统消化时表达，从而释放生物活性肽（bp）。本研究评价了木瓜蛋白酶作为预消化酶对鱼类胶原蛋白的预消化作用，木瓜蛋白酶具有促进胶原蛋白分解和bp释放的广泛特异性。通过酸溶法提取鱼皮胶原蛋白，确认为i型胶原蛋白，随后采用两种方法水解：胃蛋白酶-胰蛋白酶消化法（PTD）和木瓜蛋白酶预消化法（PDPTD）。pdptd -鱼胶原水解物（FCH）对ACE的IC50值（mg/mL）为0.088，对DPP-IV的IC50值为1.67，对DPPH和ABTS自由基的IC50值分别为2.38和0.026，均显著低于pdp -FCH。通过LC-MS/MS分析鉴定了FCH (PTD和PDPTD)，分子对接研究表明，PDPTD - FCH肽对ACE （-11.2 kcal/mol）和DPP-IV （-9.1 kcal/mol）的结合能较低，特别是IGFPGFPG，表明bp具有较好的抑制能力。该研究强调了鱼胶原蛋白作为bp的重要来源，经木瓜蛋白酶预消化后具有增强的生物活性，表明其在功能食品和营养保健行业的潜力。此图像的替代文本可能是使用AI生成的。

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引用次数: 0

Tissue-specific regulation of cellular senescence on elastic hydrogels via the integrin α1-mediated mechanotransduction 整合素α1介导的弹性水凝胶对细胞衰老的组织特异性调控

Journal of Leather Science and Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-04-02 DOI: 10.1186/s42825-026-00237-w

Limin Song, Xinying Wang, Yiyao Pu, Xueyi Hu, Jing He, Rongrong Jin, Yu Nie

Cellular senescence significantly impairs tissue repair through disrupting tissue homeostasis and limiting regenerative capacity. Biomaterial based microenvironment modulation has emerged as a promising strategy to counteract senescence and promote tissue regeneration. While mechanical properties such as matrix stiffness are known to influence cell fate, whether different tissue-derived cells exhibit distinct mechanical requirements for senescence resistance remains poorly understood. Here, we used stiffness-tunable polyacrylamide hydrogels spanning physiologically relevant elastic moduli and systematically evaluated senescence responses in neuronal (SH-SY5Y), dermal fibroblast (NIH3T3), and osteoblast precursor (MC3T3-E1) cells. Our results revealed tissue-specific stiffness windows that maximally suppressed senescence, with optimal senescence resistance responses observed at 1 kPa, 10 kPa, and 250 kPa for SH-SY5Y, NIH3T3, and MC3T3-E1 cells, respectively. Mechanistically, integrin α1, a collagen-binding integrin, was identified as a key mechanosensor mediating these effects. Optimal stiffness conditions enhanced integrin α1-mediated mechanotransduction, cytoskeletal remodeling, and activation of PI3K–Akt and YAP signaling pathways, leading to the downregulation of senescence markers (p16, p21) and upregulation of proliferation related genes. These findings provide a mechanistic framework for the design of stiffness-matched biomaterials to counteract senescence and enhance tissue regeneration.

Graphical Abstract

细胞衰老通过破坏组织稳态和限制再生能力显著损害组织修复。基于生物材料的微环境调节已成为对抗衰老和促进组织再生的一种有前途的策略。虽然已知基质刚度等机械特性会影响细胞命运，但不同组织来源的细胞是否表现出不同的抗衰老机械要求仍然知之甚少。在这里，我们使用跨越生理学相关弹性模量的刚度可调聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶，系统地评估了神经元（SH-SY5Y）、真皮成纤维细胞（NIH3T3）和成骨细胞前体（MC3T3-E1）细胞的衰老反应。我们的研究结果显示，组织特异性刚度窗口最大限度地抑制衰老，SH-SY5Y， NIH3T3和MC3T3-E1细胞分别在1 kPa， 10 kPa和250 kPa时观察到最佳的抗衰老反应。从机制上说，整合素α1是一种胶原结合整合素，被认为是介导这些作用的关键机械传感器。最佳刚度条件增强了整合素α1介导的机械转导、细胞骨架重塑以及PI3K-Akt和YAP信号通路的激活，导致衰老标志物（p16、p21）的下调和增殖相关基因的上调。这些发现为刚度匹配生物材料的设计提供了一个机制框架，以抵消衰老和增强组织再生。图形抽象

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引用次数: 0

Inter-fiber spacer-aided rawhide drying for skin-like and eco-friendly wearable platform of e-skin 纤维间间隔辅助生牛皮干燥，仿皮肤环保的电子皮肤可穿戴平台

Journal of Leather Science and Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 DOI: 10.1186/s42825-025-00233-6

Haoliang Pu, Hanzhong Xiao, Yujia Wang, Xin Huang, Bi Shi

The next-generation on-skin devices are expected to provide identical textural characteristics to skin for accomplishing comfortable long-term wearability. Cattle hide is mainly consisted of type I collagen, which is therefore an ideal collagenous-matrix platform for developing skin-like on-skin devices. However, the raw cattle hide has a high water content that leads to poor wearability. Herein, we developed the skin-like wearable (SW) platform via a brand-new inter-fiber spacer-aided (IFS-aided) drying of cattle hide, where an amphiphilic nonionic surfactant that was capable of thoroughly infiltrating into the 3D hierarchical network of collagen fibers (CFs) was employed to work as the inter-fiber spacer to avoid the sticking of CFs during drying. Moreover, the inter-fiber spacer was easily eluted after drying for obtaining the collagenous matrix with highly dispersed fiber structure. The as-developed SW-platform exhibited ideal wearability by exhibiting full-protein nature, outstanding softness (6.808 mm), exceptional water-vapor permeability (5950 g·m^-2·d^-1) and high thermal stability. The hierarchical fiber structure with sufficient inter-fiber space endowed the SW-platform with reversible cross-scale deformations of CFs at both the nanoscale and microscale, which demonstrated its promising application in developing the skin-like and eco-friendly e-skins with outstanding sensing capability and flexible display function.

Graphical Abstract

下一代皮肤上设备有望提供与皮肤相同的纹理特性，以实现舒适的长期可穿戴性。牛皮主要由I型胶原蛋白组成，因此是开发类皮肤皮肤装置的理想胶原基质平台。然而，生牛皮含水量高，导致耐磨性差。在此，我们通过一种全新的纤维间间隔辅助（ifs辅助）干燥牛皮，开发了类似皮肤的可穿戴（SW）平台，其中两亲性非离子表面活性剂作为纤维间间隔剂，能够彻底渗透到胶原纤维（CFs）的三维分层网络中，以避免CFs在干燥过程中粘附。纤维间间隔物干燥后容易洗脱，得到纤维结构高度分散的胶原基质。所开发的sw -平台具有全蛋白特性、优异的柔软度（6.808 mm）、优异的水蒸气渗透性（5950 g·m-2·d-1）和高热稳定性，具有理想的耐磨性。具有足够的纤维间空间的分层纤维结构赋予了sw平台在纳米尺度和微尺度上可逆的碳纤维跨尺度变形，这在开发具有优异传感能力和柔性显示功能的类皮肤和环保电子皮肤方面具有广阔的应用前景。图形抽象

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引用次数: 0

Sprayable supramolecular hydrogel with minimalism for wilderness first aid: integration of mechanical performance and biofunctionality 用于野外急救的极简主义可喷雾超分子水凝胶：机械性能和生物功能的集成

Journal of Leather Science and Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-03-30 DOI: 10.1186/s42825-026-00242-z

Xiaoming Li, Siqi Liu, Jiahui Zhou, Jiyang Li, Shuo Yang, Jimin Guo, Jianjun Zhang

The ideal wound care materials for wilderness first aid should be convenient for storage, easy to use, adhesive, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, pro-angiogenic, wound-closure promoting, and simple for clinical translation. To meet all requirements, we developed a supramolecular FPC hydrogel by simply co-assembling 2-amino-2′-fluoro-2′-deoxyadenosine (FA), polydeoxyribonucleotide (PDRN), and collagen III (COL-III)-fully active pharmaceutical ingredients. Based on the abundant hydrogen bonding interactions among FA, PDRN, and COL-III, this hydrogel exhibited sprayability, tissue adhesiveness, and superior biological performance. In vivo studies showed that due to synergistic effects among FA, PDRN, and COL-III, FPC hydrogels offered significant anti-inflammatory benefits and angiogenic capabilities, which promoted granulation tissue formation, collagen deposition, wound tissue epithelialization, and effectively sped up wound healing. Furthermore, the FPC hydrogel could be conveniently stored in a bottle and sterilized through boiling, making it well-suited for wilderness first aid applications. This hydrogel has the potential to transform wound care by offering a versatile solution for both outdoor and everyday wound management needs.

Graphical Abstract

理想的野外急救创面护理材料应具有储存方便、使用方便、具有粘附性、抗菌、抗炎、促血管生成、促进创面愈合、临床转化简单等特点。为了满足这些要求，我们通过简单地共组装2-氨基-2 ' -氟-2 ' -脱氧腺苷（FA），聚脱氧核糖核苷酸（PDRN）和胶原III (COL-III)-完全活性药物成分，开发了一种超分子FPC水凝胶。基于FA、PDRN和COL-III之间丰富的氢键相互作用，该水凝胶具有喷雾性、组织粘附性和优越的生物学性能。体内研究表明，由于FA、PDRN和COL-III之间的协同作用，FPC水凝胶具有显著的抗炎作用和血管生成能力，促进肉芽组织形成、胶原沉积、创面组织上皮化，有效加快创面愈合。此外，FPC水凝胶可以方便地储存在瓶子里，并通过煮沸消毒，使其非常适合野外急救应用。这种水凝胶通过为户外和日常伤口管理需求提供多功能解决方案，具有改变伤口护理的潜力。图形抽象

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引用次数: 0

Leather waste-derived carbon quantum dot-embedded hydrogels with bioinspired hair-like architectures: multifunctional integration for mechanosensing, pH monitoring, and antimicrobial/antioxidant applications 皮革废料衍生的碳量子点嵌入水凝胶，具有生物启发的毛发状结构：机械传感，pH监测和抗菌/抗氧化应用的多功能集成

Journal of Leather Science and Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-03-17 DOI: 10.1186/s42825-026-00243-y

Peng Zhang, Chongyuan Ma, Ming Teng, Kun Jiang, Liuying Li, Wenjing Wang, Wenqing Wang, Jianyan Feng, Xinhua Liu, Xiaomin Luo

Conventional leather manufacturing converts only ~ 20% of raw animal hides into finished products, leaving the majority underutilized and generating substantial waste. To improve resource valorization and realize the high-value potential of leather waste, we propose an innovative "waste upgrading-function integration" strategy, transforming discarded leather into high-value carbon dots via a one-pot hydrothermal process. The resulting waste leather-based carbon quantum dots (W-CQDs) exhibited uniform particle size (~ 8.26 nm), high fluorescence quantum yield (66.3%), semiconductor-like behavior (band gap: 4.25 eV), and a positively charged surface (ζ-potential: +16.6 mV). These physicochemical properties endowed W-CQDs with remarkable antibacterial activity (most effective against E. coli and S. aureus at 6 mg/mL), strong antioxidant capability, and low biotoxicity. By integrating W-CQDs into a polyacrylamide (PAM) network and engineering a biomimetic hair-like microstructure, we developed a W-CQDs/PAM hydrogel sensor with excellent mechanosensitivity (gauge factor: 2.67), rapid response (468–476 ms), and long-term stability (> 1000 cycles). Furthermore, the W-CQDs/PAM hydrogel exhibited pH-responsive fluorescence (pH 3 ~ 11) through intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) and aggregation-induced emission (AIE) mechanisms. Incorporation of LiBr further enhanced water retention and antifreeze performance, significantly expanding its potential for real-world sensing applications.

Graphical Abstract

传统的皮革制造只将约20%的生兽皮转化为成品，大部分没有得到充分利用，产生了大量浪费。为了提高资源增值，实现皮革废弃物的高价值潜力，我们提出了创新的“废弃物升级-功能一体化”战略，通过一锅水热法将废弃皮革转化为高价值碳点。所得废皮革基碳量子点（W-CQDs）具有均匀的粒径（~ 8.26 nm），高荧光量子产率（66.3%），半导体样行为（带隙：4.25 eV）和正电荷表面（ζ电位：+16.6 mV）。这些物理化学性质使W-CQDs具有显著的抗菌活性（对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌在6 mg/mL时最有效）、较强的抗氧化能力和较低的生物毒性。通过将W-CQDs集成到聚丙烯酰胺（PAM）网络中并设计仿生毛发状微观结构，我们开发了具有优异机械灵敏度（测量因子：2.67），快速响应（468-476 ms）和长期稳定性（>； 1000次循环）的W-CQDs/PAM水凝胶传感器。此外，W-CQDs/PAM水凝胶通过分子内电荷转移（ICT）和聚集诱导发射（AIE）机制表现出pH响应荧光（pH 3 ~ 11）。LiBr的加入进一步增强了保水性和防冻性能，显着扩大了其在现实世界传感应用中的潜力。图形抽象

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