Chemical Society Reviews最新文献

Optogenetics, a biotechnology that combines optical and genetic strategies to regulate cellular and tissue functions with high spatial and temporal precision, serves as a powerful tool-level regulatory technology widely employed to investigate cellular processes and elucidate disease mechanisms. Nanotechnology-driven optogenetics, which incorporates nanomaterials/nanostructures to improve the efficacy and broaden the applications of optogenetic systems, synergistically integrates the precision, tunability, and multifunctionality of nanotechnology with the spatiotemporal control inherent to optogenetics. The development not only enhances the flexibility and efficiency of optogenetic technology but also advances the field toward therapeutic-grade interventions. In this review, we summarize recent advances in nanotechnology-driven optogenetics, with a particular emphasis on three key areas: (1) nanostructured light sources for the precise activation of optogenetic systems, which include both externally light-stimulated systems and systems that operate independently of external light sources; (2) nanotechnology-enabled targeted delivery of light-sensitive proteins and genetic constructs to ensure efficient modulation of optogenetic pathways, which specifically involves the nanotechnology-assisted gene, protein, and recombinase enzyme delivery approaches; and (3) nanotechnology-driven therapeutic applications of optogenetics, including CAR T cell immunotherapy, cancer treatment, neurological interventions, and cardiac therapies. We further discuss the current challenges facing this emerging field and outline future research directions. This review aims not only to highlight recent breakthroughs but also to position nanotechnology-driven optogenetics as a promising tool for next-generation precision medicine.

Electrochemical reduction systems are pivotal for renewable energy conversion and sustainable chemical synthesis, yet their efficiency and selectivity are fundamentally governed by dynamic processes at the reactant-electrode interface. Moving beyond the traditional focus on static catalyst design, this review highlights the critical importance of actively engineering the dynamic interfacial microenvironment to control electroreduction pathways and modulate kinetics-related issues. At the beginning, we systematically examine the core interfacial determinants, including rate-limiting barriers, electronic structures, and adsorption-desorption balance, that dictate catalytic performance across key reactions. Central to this discussion is the dual modulation of interfacial electric fields and proton transfer dynamics. Electric field engineering strategies encompassing external electric bias, cation effects, geometric enhancement, and built-in electric fields are analysed for their ability to concentrate reactants, stabilize intermediates, and steer selectivity. Concurrently, proton transfer modulation centred on the proton-coupled electron transfer mechanism and facilitated by strategies such as controlling active hydrogen behaviour, employing Lewis acid-base pairs, and engineering the local pH, is explored to overcome kinetic bottlenecks and suppress competing side reactions. Furthermore, we highlight the transformative impact of advanced computational methods and machine learning in elucidating interfacial phenomena and accelerating the rational design of optimal interfaces. By integrating multiscale simulations with data-driven approaches, these tools bridge atomic-scale understanding with system-level performance. Collectively, this review provides a comprehensive framework for manipulating the dynamic electrode-reactant interface, offering strategic insights to enhance activity, selectivity, and stability in next-generation electroreduction systems for energy and environmental applications.

The rising prevalence of bone and dental diseases, compounded by an ageing population, underscores the urgent need for advanced materials in hard tissue repair and regeneration. Peptides, with their high specificity and bioactivity, show great potential for enhancing mineralisation and promoting hard tissue repair, but their broader value lies in their sequence-programmable capacity to regulate mineral-matrix interface interactions, cellular responses and material integration. However, existing studies often focus on specific applications, single peptide classes or isolated material platforms, lacking a systematic multidisciplinary perspective. This review integrates recent advances in materials science, pharmacology, artificial intelligence, and food-derived peptide research, within a sequence-to-system framework, offering a comprehensive exploration of peptide classification, sources, preparation methods, screening technologies, delivery mechanisms, smart material design, and their applications in hard tissue repair and regeneration. By adopting a multidisciplinary approach, this work seeks to provide new insights and directions for future research, with the aim of converting dispersed peptide sequences, material systems and biological outcomes into a coherent design logic for rational and translatable hard tissue regeneration.

Renewable electricity-driven small-molecule electrocatalytic conversion plays a pivotal role in sustainable energy utilization and value-added chemical production. The performance of these processes is governed by the adsorption and transformation of key reaction intermediates, rendering catalytic performance closely dependent on electronic structure regulation. Atomically thin platinum-group metallenes (PGM-enes), characterized by maximized surface-atom utilization and tunable electronic properties, provide an ideal platform for modulating intermediate binding and reaction pathway. Despite the rapid progress of research in this area, a systematic understanding of the intrinsic relationships among the structural characteristics of PGM-enes, intermediate adsorption behavior, and reaction pathways remains limited. In particular, a unified framework for categorizing diverse synthetic methods and structural modulation strategies from a mechanistic perspective has not yet been clearly established. To address this need, this review first examines the formation mechanisms of PGM-enes and classifies representative synthetic approaches into three fundamental based on stabilization strategies: structural inheritance, spatial confinement, and surface regulation. Building upon this foundation, structural modulation strategies are further organized into three representative pathways based on catalyst-intermediate interactions. Small-molecule electrocatalytic processes in cathodic, anodic, and coupled electrolysis are subsequently examined from a mechanistic perspective, with emphasis on the structure-electronic response characteristics of different PGM-enes and the applicability of distinct modulation strategies across reaction environments. Finally, by integrating current progress with remaining challenges, this review establishes a coherent framework for understanding structure-reactivity relationships in PGM-enes, thereby informing the rational design of future small-molecule electrocatalytic reactions.

Correction for 'Unlocking the catalytic potential of heterogeneous nonprecious metals for selective hydrogenation reactions' by Wanbing Gong et al., Chem. Soc. Rev., 2025, 54, 960-982, https://doi.org/10.1039/d4cs01005a.

Low-dimensional antiaromatic carbon-based nanostructures have attracted tremendous interest lately due to their distinctive electronic, optical and magnetic properties. These properties make them attractive for a myriad of potential applications in the fields of advanced organic optoelectronics, electronics, spintronics, photovoltaics, and quantum materials. However, their synthesis remains elusive due to their intrinsic electronic instability and high reactivity. In this context, recent advances in on-surface synthesis under ultra-high vacuum conditions have enabled the controlled generation and rationalization at the atomic scale of these compounds. In this review, we first introduce the concept of antiaromaticity and its main progress using solution-based methodologies. Then, we summarize key developments in the formation and characterization of individual antiaromatic molecules, one-dimensional polymers and two-dimensional networks on surfaces under ultra-high vacuum conditions. We highlight how molecular precursors are designed and surface conditions tuned to thermally or electronically direct skeletal rearrangements, enabling the formation of antiaromatic moieties, compounds and polymers, including cyclobutadiene, pentalene or cyclooctatetraene subunits, cyclocarbons, and other 4n π-electron systems. Finally, we discuss the implications of these findings for future applications, offering a perspective on emerging challenges in the surface-assisted chemistry of antiaromatic systems.

Mesoionic carbenes (MICs) based on 1,3-imidazole and 1,2,3-triazole frameworks - namely, iMICs and tMICs - are versatile carbon donor ligands widely employed in organometallic chemistry and related fields. Functionalization of these scaffolds with a donor atom or group has led to the discovery of new classes of mesoionic ligand systems with distinctive stereoelectronic properties. These developments provide a valuable toolkit for advancing molecular chemistry, catalysis, and materials science. This review presents a current overview of iMIC- and tMIC-derived mesoionic compounds featuring carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, or other heavier main-group donor atoms as ligands in organometallic and inorganic chemistry. Although structurally and electronically related to iMICs and tMICs, these ligands incorporate a remote carbon or heteroatom at the donor site, thereby expanding the landscape of mesoionic ligands and main-group systems with diverse electronic structures, properties, and reactivity profiles.

Forces are at the heart of almost every major biological process. The widespread use of molecular machines in nature has inspired scientists to synthesize mechanically interlocked molecules (MIMs) in which controlled, relatively large amplitude motion of one component relative to another can potentially result in net directional forces. This review examines force-related processes in MIMs, namely, catenanes, rotaxanes and knots, and in the polymers that include them. We first discuss the single-molecule force spectroscopy studies, performed on well-defined mechanically linked systems, one molecule at a time, and show how these experiments have provided unprecedented insights into their operation, dynamics, and comprehensive understanding of their performance metrics. Then the use and effects of these mechanical links on mechanically activated polymers are addressed. We examine the unique mechanochemical reactivity of MIMs and how it is exploited to create force-responsive molecular devices and materials or elicit new mechanochemical reactions in response to external force. Finally, we focus on the use of mechanical links as crosslinks, giving rise to the so-called slide-ring materials. The review highlights the unprecedented mechanochemical properties that are emerging from the integration of MIMs into polymers and the quick pace of progress in the field that should give rise to more advanced systems.

Early detection of diseases associated with gasotransmitters and biothiols is crucial for improving therapeutic outcomes and increasing patient survival rates. Although metal-complex-based optical probes (metalloprobes) show promise for diagnostic uses, the healthcare community has not yet reached a consensus on their clinical utility. From the perspective of a coordination chemist, this review delves into the design and applications of metalloprobes for detecting gasotransmitters and biothiols, presenting a vital step for advancing clinical diagnostics in human healthcare. By highlighting the related prior studies, which have substantially contributed to the field during 2000-2024, the review sheds light on the needs, opportunities, challenges, and latest developments in the field of metalloprobes. It discusses the fundamental principles of metal-luminophore coordination, signal transduction mechanisms, detection thresholds, and real-time applications in complex biological matrices such as human blood plasma, serum, urine, and also offers insights into cellular investigations. Additionally, the review offers a critical discussion and analysis of the advantages and limitations of metalloprobes, with an emphasis on future challenges and opportunities for commercializing task-specific metalloprobes in the point-of-care testing (POCT) market. We envisage that this careful review will inspire further research to reveal the intricate roles of these biomolecules and driving innovations in bioassays, and therapeutic interventions for complex diseases (innovations-to-implementations, I-2-I).