The aim of our research was to analyse trends in the fiscal indicators of municipalities in the countries of the European Union and the European Economic Area. To that end, we examined the municipal fiscal indicators between 2009 and 2018 across 31 European countries that report regularly to Eurostat. In our research, we sought answers to three main yet related research questions. Ad 1. How has the crisis affected the operation of European municipal systems? Ad 2. In which way has it influenced the different groups of countries defined in public law and European regional context? Ad 3. How did the characteristics of the local authorities governed by public law changed, that is, how did the classical system characteristics change evaluated by fiscal indicators in the light of the crisis and the crisis management measures made in response to it? We used methods of descriptive statistics, as well as cluster analysis and variance analysis to verify our hypotheses. In our study, we concluded that the crisis has made a significant impact on local government fiscal indicators, however, it had a different impact on the post-Soviet region, the Mediterranean region and the Scandinavian countries. The Rhine (public law) model has proved to be the most crisis-resistant. It has been proved that the specifics described by fiscal indicators do not fully correspond to the municipal system models under public law. At the end of our research, the characteristics of the Hungarian local governmental system following the municipal reform were presented.
{"title":"Comparative Analysis of Budgetary Indicators of European Municipal Subsystems in the Post-Crisis Term between 2009–2018","authors":"Szilárd Hegedűs, C. Lentner","doi":"10.35551/pfq_2020_1_8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35551/pfq_2020_1_8","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of our research was to analyse trends in the fiscal indicators of municipalities in the countries of the European Union and the European Economic Area. To that end, we examined the municipal fiscal indicators between 2009 and 2018 across 31 European countries that report regularly to Eurostat. In our research, we sought answers to three main yet related research questions. Ad 1. How has the crisis affected the operation of European municipal systems? Ad 2. In which way has it influenced the different groups of countries defined in public law and European regional context? Ad 3. How did the characteristics of the local authorities governed by public law changed, that is, how did the classical system characteristics change evaluated by fiscal indicators in the light of the crisis and the crisis management measures made in response to it? We used methods of descriptive statistics, as well as cluster analysis and variance analysis to verify our hypotheses. In our study, we concluded that the crisis has made a significant impact on local government fiscal indicators, however, it had a different impact on the post-Soviet region, the Mediterranean region and the Scandinavian countries. The Rhine (public law) model has proved to be the most crisis-resistant. It has been proved that the specifics described by fiscal indicators do not fully correspond to the municipal system models under public law. At the end of our research, the characteristics of the Hungarian local governmental system following the municipal reform were presented.","PeriodicalId":85366,"journal":{"name":"Public finance quarterly","volume":"65 1","pages":"112-133"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69880032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper attempts to investigate the effect of public investment on the economic growth of Pakistan using an annual data series from the period of 1973-2015. An autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model is used to estimate the relationship between variables. Moreover, causality analysis and variance decomposition analysis have also been applied. The result of ARDL bound testing confirms the long run association between public investment and economic growth in Pakistan. In addition, the long run and short run estimations reveal that a large amount of public investment reduces the economic growth. However, the larger share of private investment enhances the economic growth. Conversely, an increase in the labor force of Pakistan will decrease the economic growth in the long run. The study evidence presents important policy implications for the government and policy makers to increase economic growth.
{"title":"Exploring the link between Public Investment and Long Run Economic Growth","authors":"Amna Sohail Rawat, Lubna Khan","doi":"10.35551/pfq_2020_2_1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35551/pfq_2020_2_1","url":null,"abstract":"This paper attempts to investigate the effect of public investment on the economic growth of Pakistan using an annual data series from the period of 1973-2015. An autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model is used to estimate the relationship between variables. Moreover, causality analysis and variance decomposition analysis have also been applied. The result of ARDL bound testing confirms the long run association between public investment and economic growth in Pakistan. In addition, the long run and short run estimations reveal that a large amount of public investment reduces the economic growth. However, the larger share of private investment enhances the economic growth. Conversely, an increase in the labor force of Pakistan will decrease the economic growth in the long run. The study evidence presents important policy implications for the government and policy makers to increase economic growth.","PeriodicalId":85366,"journal":{"name":"Public finance quarterly","volume":"65 1","pages":"151-167"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69880115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Strengthening the Small and Medium Enterprise Sector by Switching to Bills and Notes","authors":"Z. Szalay, L. Vértesy, Zsuzsanna Novák","doi":"10.35551/pfq_2020_3_6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35551/pfq_2020_3_6","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":85366,"journal":{"name":"Public finance quarterly","volume":"65 1","pages":"411-429"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69880510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
All other things being equal by 2060 out of 10 of the working age population 6 pensioners will be accounted for. This does constitute a risk for the sustainability of pensions. Our study has analysed the most recent data on demographics, economy, employment, and its underlying factors, as well as the expected development of the figures of the pension fund. Our findings point to that the shrinking of the population of women of childbearing age will result in a constant decrease of birth rates even by a modest increase in fertility rates. Therefore, family policy measures - being indispensable - are of their own insufficient to mitigate the economic and pension risks. Due to its conjunctural nature economic growth can only temporarily mitigate the risks. On the other hand, the extension of the labour market activity of elderly people can set back the increase in pension costs with well predictable efficiency. Means to this end can include promoting activity at old ages, raising retirement ages, preserving physical and mental well-being and employability, as well as spreading the culture of self-reliance.
{"title":"Sustainability of the Pension System, Risks and Opportunities","authors":"A. Peter, Erzsébet Németh, Bálint Tamás Vargha","doi":"10.35551/PFQ_2020_S_2_3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35551/PFQ_2020_S_2_3","url":null,"abstract":"All other things being equal by 2060 out of 10 of the working age population 6 pensioners will be accounted for. This does constitute a risk for the sustainability of pensions. Our study has analysed the most recent data on demographics, economy, employment, and its underlying factors, as well as the expected development of the figures of the pension fund. Our findings point to that the shrinking of the population of women of childbearing age will result in a constant decrease of birth rates even by a modest increase in fertility rates. Therefore, family policy measures - being indispensable - are of their own insufficient to mitigate the economic and pension risks. Due to its conjunctural nature economic growth can only temporarily mitigate the risks. On the other hand, the extension of the labour market activity of elderly people can set back the increase in pension costs with well predictable efficiency. Means to this end can include promoting activity at old ages, raising retirement ages, preserving physical and mental well-being and employability, as well as spreading the culture of self-reliance.","PeriodicalId":85366,"journal":{"name":"Public finance quarterly","volume":"65 1","pages":"57-85"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69880854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A mondanivaló lényege máshol van : Megjegyzések Simonovits András: Családi pótlék és gyermekszámmal növekvő nyugdíj: optimalitás és semlegesség című cikkéhez","authors":"József Banyár","doi":"10.35551/psz_2020_1_4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35551/psz_2020_1_4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":85366,"journal":{"name":"Public finance quarterly","volume":"65 1","pages":"42-50"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69884300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Az adórendszer és az újraelosztás hatását befolyásoló számos tényező miatt nincs egyetlen helyes válasz arra a kérdésre, hogy a gazdaságpolitikai eszközök mely összetételét szükséges alkalmazni egy kívánt újraelosztási hatás eléréséhez. A dolgozat általános célja a jövedelemadó-rendszerek számszerűsíthető paraméterei kapcsán annak vizsgálata, hogy a méltányosság és igazságosság szempontjainak szem előtt tartása nem gyakorol-e túlzottan negatív hatást az adórendszerek egyszerűségére. A tanulmány néhány kelet-közép-európai ország személyijövedelemadó-rendszerének összetételére vonatkozó egyszerűsítési lehetőségeket vizsgálja, a rendszer adóterhelési görbéi lehetőség szerinti változatlansága mellett. Ehhez elméleti, egyszerűsített adómodellt állít fel, amelynek paramétereit számítógépes program segít meghatározni úgy, hogy a valós adórendszer görbéihez leginkább illeszkedő adóterhelési függvényt kapjunk. Az elemzés alapján megállapíthatjuk, hogy az elméleti rendszer - bizonyos esetekben megszorításokkal - jó közelítést ad a vizsgált országok adóterhelési görbéire. A választott rendkívül egyszerű modell azonban olyan valós rendszert tud jól közelíteni, melynek adóterhelési görbéiben nem mutatkoznak nagyobb töréspontok, illetve nem alkalmaznak a rendszert alapjaiban módosító adóztatási módszert (például a házastársak jövedelmének összevonásával történő adóztatást, vagyis splittinget). A gyakorlati példák segítenek annak megértésében, hogy egy adott ország bonyolultan felépített személyijövedelemadó-rendszere nem feltétlenül az egyetlen lehetséges megoldás az adott adóterhelési görbe eléréséhez, az adóterhelési függvény jó közelítéssel esetleg egyszerűbb alapelemekből felépítve is reprodukálható.
{"title":"Egyszerűsítési lehetőségek a visegrádi országok személyijövedelemadó-rendszereiben","authors":"Éva Szabóné Bonifert","doi":"10.35551/psz_2020_4_6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35551/psz_2020_4_6","url":null,"abstract":"Az adórendszer és az újraelosztás hatását befolyásoló számos tényező miatt nincs egyetlen helyes válasz arra a kérdésre, hogy a gazdaságpolitikai eszközök mely összetételét szükséges alkalmazni egy kívánt újraelosztási hatás eléréséhez. A dolgozat általános célja a jövedelemadó-rendszerek számszerűsíthető paraméterei kapcsán annak vizsgálata, hogy a méltányosság és igazságosság szempontjainak szem előtt tartása nem gyakorol-e túlzottan negatív hatást az adórendszerek egyszerűségére. A tanulmány néhány kelet-közép-európai ország személyijövedelemadó-rendszerének összetételére vonatkozó egyszerűsítési lehetőségeket vizsgálja, a rendszer adóterhelési görbéi lehetőség szerinti változatlansága mellett. Ehhez elméleti, egyszerűsített adómodellt állít fel, amelynek paramétereit számítógépes program segít meghatározni úgy, hogy a valós adórendszer görbéihez leginkább illeszkedő adóterhelési függvényt kapjunk. Az elemzés alapján megállapíthatjuk, hogy az elméleti rendszer - bizonyos esetekben megszorításokkal - jó közelítést ad a vizsgált országok adóterhelési görbéire. A választott rendkívül egyszerű modell azonban olyan valós rendszert tud jól közelíteni, melynek adóterhelési görbéiben nem mutatkoznak nagyobb töréspontok, illetve nem alkalmaznak a rendszert alapjaiban módosító adóztatási módszert (például a házastársak jövedelmének összevonásával történő adóztatást, vagyis splittinget). A gyakorlati példák segítenek annak megértésében, hogy egy adott ország bonyolultan felépített személyijövedelemadó-rendszere nem feltétlenül az egyetlen lehetséges megoldás az adott adóterhelési görbe eléréséhez, az adóterhelési függvény jó közelítéssel esetleg egyszerűbb alapelemekből felépítve is reprodukálható.","PeriodicalId":85366,"journal":{"name":"Public finance quarterly","volume":"65 1","pages":"531-553"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69885000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A tömeges migráció gazdasági hatásainak elemzése a német adatok tükrében","authors":"Tibor Tatay, Katalin Bándi","doi":"10.35551/psz_2020_1_5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35551/psz_2020_1_5","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":85366,"journal":{"name":"Public finance quarterly","volume":"65 1","pages":"51-66"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69884354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fiscal sustainability has become one of the most important requirements of fiscal policy over the past two to three decades. Hungary’s Fundamental Law stipulates that Hungary enforces the principle of sustainable budget management. In international practice, fiscal sustainability is often identified with preserving the solvency of the state and the sustainable financing of public debt. The risks related to the fulfilment of the constitutional requirement to reduce public indebtedness are also regularly assessed by the State Audit Office, for which it has developed its own risk analysis method. The authors of the article define fiscal sustainability as a series of budgets that provide coverage for the public goods needs of present generations while increasing the capacity and opportunity of future generations to meet their own future needs. Based on this, and building on the resolution of the National Assembly and international good practices, they present how the coverage of Sustainable Development Goals can be integrated into the respective budgets in a transparent and accountable
{"title":"Sustainable Budget and the Sustainability Appearing in the Budget","authors":"L. Domokos, G. Pulay","doi":"10.35551/PFQ_2020_S_2_2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35551/PFQ_2020_S_2_2","url":null,"abstract":"Fiscal sustainability has become one of the most important requirements of fiscal policy over the past two to three decades. Hungary’s Fundamental Law stipulates that Hungary enforces the principle of sustainable budget management. In international practice, fiscal sustainability is often identified with preserving the solvency of the state and the sustainable financing of public debt. The risks related to the fulfilment of the constitutional requirement to reduce public indebtedness are also regularly assessed by the State Audit Office, for which it has developed its own risk analysis method. The authors of the article define fiscal sustainability as a series of budgets that provide coverage for the public goods needs of present generations while increasing the capacity and opportunity of future generations to meet their own future needs. Based on this, and building on the resolution of the National Assembly and international good practices, they present how the coverage of Sustainable Development Goals can be integrated into the respective budgets in a transparent and accountable","PeriodicalId":85366,"journal":{"name":"Public finance quarterly","volume":"65 1","pages":"25-56"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69880763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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