Cleaner Water最新文献_第2页

Green yet constrained: Reassessing Moringa oleifera's role in drinking water and wastewater treatment 绿色但受限：重新评估辣木在饮用水和废水处理中的作用

Cleaner Water

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100202

Ahsan Shah , Arun Arjunan , Maryam Batool , Oduoza Chike , Aman Dhir , Abul Arafat , Georgina Manning , Julia Zakharova , Nadir Abbas , Muhammad Taqi Mehran , Rimsha Rubab , Mubashir Husnain

A comparative bibliometric analysis using Web of Science and Scopus reveals a growing research shift from alum to Moringa oleifera (MO) as a green coagulant for decentralised water treatment. The coagulation efficacy of MO is attributed to its high molecular weight cationic seed proteins, rich in amino, hydroxyl, carboxyl, and amide groups, which destabilise colloids via adsorption and charge neutralisation. Extraction in saline medium (0.5–1.5 M NaCl) enhances protein solubility and coagulation, achieving > 90 % turbidity reductions and 1–3 log removal of E. coli and coliforms at doses 50–300 mg L⁻¹ for drinking water and 400–4000 mg L⁻¹ for wastewaters. Optimal coagulation requires rapid mixing (∼130 rpm, 2 min) followed by slow stirring (∼30–40 rpm, 15–40 min) to promote floc growth. Compared to alum, MO generates 3–5 times less sludge, with potential for residue reuse as fertiliser. This review aims to address existing knowledge gaps by consolidating available studies and identifying the conditions under which MO is most effective, as well as the limitations that may hinder its sustainable application. The paper offers a novel synthesis by integrating case studies with sustainability assessments, providing one of the few comprehensive evaluations of MO’s performance across both drinking water and wastewater treatment contexts. Our findings indicate that while MO is a viable, low-cost option for household-scale drinking water treatment, its slower coagulation kinetics (1–2 h) and high dosage requirements restrict its suitability for treating highly contaminated wastewaters. In addition, MO is ineffective at turbidity levels below 10 NTU and exhibits limited removal of organics and heavy metals. Because MO is an organic coagulant, its use may increase BOD, COD, and TOC, and interactions with chlorine can lead to the formation of carcinogenic trihalomethanes. Future research should focus on elucidating toxicological implications, optimising treatment processes, and assessing commercial scalability to support the responsible and sustainable use of MO in water treatment systems.

一项使用Web of Science和Scopus的比较文献计量分析显示，越来越多的研究将明矾作为分散式水处理的绿色混凝剂转向辣木（Moringa oleifera， MO）。MO的凝血效果归功于其高分子量的阳离子种子蛋白，富含氨基、羟基、羧基和酰胺基团，通过吸附和电荷中和使胶体不稳定。在盐水培养基（0.5-1.5 M NaCl）中提取可以提高蛋白质的溶解度和凝固性，在50-300 mg L -⁻¹ 用于饮用水和400-4000 mg L -⁻¹ 用于废水时，可以实现>； 90 %的浊度降低和1-3 log的大肠杆菌和大肠菌群去除。最佳混凝需要快速混合（~ 130 rpm, 2 min），然后缓慢搅拌（~ 30-40 rpm, 15-40 min），以促进絮凝体生长。与明矾相比，氧化莫灰产生的污泥少3-5倍，残渣有可能作为肥料再利用。本检讨的目的是通过整合现有的研究和确定MO最有效的条件，以及可能阻碍其可持续应用的限制，解决现有的知识差距。本文通过将案例研究与可持续性评估相结合，提供了一种新颖的综合方法，为饮用水和废水处理环境下的MO绩效提供了为数不多的综合评估之一。我们的研究结果表明，虽然MO是一种可行的、低成本的家庭饮用水处理选择，但其较慢的混凝动力学（1-2 h）和高剂量要求限制了其处理高污染废水的适用性。此外，MO在浊度低于10 NTU时是无效的，并且对有机物和重金属的去除有限。由于MO是一种有机混凝剂，它的使用可能会增加BOD、COD和TOC，并且与氯的相互作用会导致致癌的三卤甲烷的形成。未来的研究应侧重于阐明毒理学影响、优化处理过程和评估商业可扩展性，以支持水处理系统中MO的负责任和可持续使用。

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引用次数: 0

Recent advances in nanocomposites and nano-adsorbents for heavy metal and dye removal from water 纳米复合材料和纳米吸附剂去除水中重金属和染料的研究进展

Cleaner Water

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.clwat.2026.100215

Md Atiqur Rahman , S.M. Mozammil Hasnain , Rustem Zairov , Ramesh Kumar

The escalating contamination of aquatic systems by heavy metals and synthetic dyes poses severe risks to ecosystems and human health due to their toxicity, persistence, and bioaccumulation. Conventional wastewater treatment technologies such as chemical precipitation, membrane filtration, ion exchange, and oxidation often suffer from high operational costs, incomplete removal, secondary pollution, and limited efficiency at low contaminant concentrations. In this context, adsorption has emerged as a cost-effective and versatile alternative, particularly with the advent of nanotechnology. This review critically examines recent advances in nanocomposites and nano-adsorbents developed for the removal of priority heavy metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb) and dyes from aqueous media. Various classes of nanoadsorbents, including carbon-based materials (carbon nanotubes, graphene and its derivatives), silica-based nanomaterials, zeolites, polymer-based nanocomposites, metal–organic framework (MOF) composites, and molecularly imprinted polymers, are systematically discussed. The adsorption mechanisms governing contaminant uptake, such as electrostatic interactions, surface complexation, ion exchange, precipitation, physisorption, and chemisorption, are elucidated, along with the influence of operational parameters, including pH, contact time, temperature, and sorbent dosage. Adsorption performance is evaluated using widely applied isotherm models (Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, Dubinin–Radushkevich), kinetic models (pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, intraparticle diffusion), and thermodynamic analyses. Reported results demonstrate that many nano-adsorbents achieve removal efficiencies exceeding 90%, exhibit high adsorption capacities, show favorable kinetics, and possess good regeneration potential. The review highlights current limitations and future research directions needed to translate nanoadsorbent technologies from laboratory studies to sustainable, large-scale water remediation applications.

由于重金属和合成染料的毒性、持久性和生物蓄积性，它们对水生系统的污染不断升级，对生态系统和人类健康构成严重风险。传统的废水处理技术，如化学沉淀、膜过滤、离子交换和氧化等，往往存在运行成本高、去除不完全、二次污染和低污染物浓度下效率有限的问题。在这种情况下，特别是随着纳米技术的出现，吸附已成为一种具有成本效益和多用途的替代方法。本文综述了纳米复合材料和纳米吸附剂在去除水中重金属（As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb）和染料方面的最新进展。系统地讨论了各种类型的纳米吸附剂，包括碳基材料（碳纳米管、石墨烯及其衍生物）、硅基纳米材料、沸石、聚合物基纳米复合材料、金属有机框架（MOF）复合材料和分子印迹聚合物。阐明了控制污染物吸收的吸附机制，如静电相互作用、表面络合、离子交换、沉淀、物理吸附和化学吸附，以及操作参数（包括pH、接触时间、温度和吸附剂用量）的影响。采用广泛应用的等温模型（Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, Dubinin-Radushkevich），动力学模型（伪一阶，伪二阶，颗粒内扩散）和热力学分析来评估吸附性能。研究结果表明，许多纳米吸附剂的去除效率超过90%，具有较高的吸附能力，表现出良好的动力学，并具有良好的再生潜力。这篇综述强调了将纳米吸附剂技术从实验室研究转化为可持续的、大规模的水修复应用所需要的当前限制和未来研究方向。

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引用次数: 0

Overcoming carbamazepine (CBZ) recalcitrance in wastewater: A critical review of membrane bioreactor (MBR) performance, limitations, and optimization strategies 克服卡马西平（CBZ）在废水中的顽固性：膜生物反应器（MBR）性能、局限性和优化策略的综述

Cleaner Water

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100198

Parnian Mojahednia , Jianfei Chen , Seyed Hesam Aldin Samaei , Jian Pan , Jinkai Xue

Carbamazepine (CBZ), a widely prescribed antiepileptic drug, is among the most persistent and frequently detected pharmaceutical contaminants in wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents and surface waters worldwide. Due to its high chemical stability, low sorption affinity, and resistance to biodegradation, CBZ often passes through conventional treatment systems, posing ecological and human health risks. As a result, developing effective treatment strategies capable of removing CBZ from wastewater has become a critical priority, particularly through biological methods. Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) have gained significant attention as a promising method to remove recalcitrant compounds such as CBZ. This review critically examines the current state of MBR technology for CBZ removal, highlighting the influence of microbial communities, operational parameters, and membrane fouling dynamics on the treatment efficiency. Furthermore, integrated MBR systems, combining MBRs with advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), adsorption techniques, or biofilms, are evaluated for their potential to overcome the limitations of standalone MBR systems. Although these integrated approaches significantly improve CBZ removal and mitigate fouling, they face operational, economic, and scalability challenges. This review highlights the need for biologically optimized MBR configurations and the strategic enrichment of specialized microbial communities, including bacteria and fungi, capable of CBZ biotransformation. The findings offer a comprehensive perspective on advancing MBR-based technologies toward more efficient, resilient, and sustainable wastewater treatment systems.

卡马西平（CBZ）是一种广泛使用的抗癫痫药物，是世界各地污水处理厂（WWTP）出水和地表水中最持久和最常检测到的药物污染物之一。由于其化学稳定性高、吸附亲和力低、耐生物降解，CBZ经常通过常规处理系统，对生态和人体健康构成风险。因此，开发能够从废水中去除CBZ的有效处理策略已成为一个关键的优先事项，特别是通过生物方法。膜生物反应器（mbr）作为一种很有前途的去除顽固性化合物（如CBZ）的方法受到了广泛的关注。本文综述了MBR技术去除CBZ的现状，重点介绍了微生物群落、操作参数和膜污染动态对处理效率的影响。此外，综合MBR系统，将MBR与高级氧化过程（AOPs）、吸附技术或生物膜相结合，评估其克服独立MBR系统局限性的潜力。尽管这些综合方法显著提高了CBZ的去除效果并减轻了结垢，但它们面临着操作、经济和可扩展性方面的挑战。这篇综述强调了生物优化MBR配置的必要性，以及能够进行CBZ生物转化的特殊微生物群落（包括细菌和真菌）的战略性富集。研究结果为推动基于mbr的技术向更高效、更有弹性和可持续的废水处理系统发展提供了一个全面的视角。

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引用次数: 0

In-situ synthesis of goethite-modified-Albizia lebbeck for sequestration of Zn2+ and Pb2+ from aqueous environments: Equilibrium, isotherm, and thermodynamic studies 原位合成针铁矿修饰的刺槐对水中环境中Zn2+和Pb2+的吸附：平衡、等温线和热力学研究

Cleaner Water

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100190

Alimoh Helen Alabi , Adewumi Comfort Adegoroye , Felicia Olubunmi Tella , Clement A. Olanrewaju , Chukwunonyelu Ebenezer Nnadozie , Lukman Shehu Mustapha , Peter Olusakin Oladoye , Kehinde Shola Obayomi

Herein, we incoporated goethite on Albizia lebbeck pod via the in-situ coprecipitation method for an enhanced adsorption of Zn²⁺ and Pb²⁺ from aqueous environments. The microstructure, crystallinity, chemical state, textural properties, surface chemistry, and thermal stability of the unmodified (UNALB) and modified Albizia lebbeck (GMALB) materials were examine using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) The FTIR spectra and BET measurement of GMALB demonstrated the presence of additional functional groups including Fe-OH, and Fe-O with enhanced BET surface area of 28.762 m²/g, confirming that the modification was accomplished successfully. The incorporation of goethite enhanced the surface potential of the UNALB, offering more adsorption sites for Zn²⁺ and Pb²⁺ removal. The adsorption data of Zn²⁺ and Pb²⁺ by UNALB and GMALB were better explained by the Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetic models, suggesting that the adsorption process is predominance of chemisorption on homogeneous surfaces. The maximum adsorption capacities of UNALB and GMALB were 10.24 and 66.99 mg/g for Zn²⁺ and 16.07 and 83.33 mg/g, outperforming that of numerous adsorbents previously reported. The adsorption thermodynamic examination revealed that the adsorption reaction was spontaneous and exothermic in character. These results underscore the potential of an effective and sustainable goethite-modified Albizia lebbeck for an heavy metals removal from an aqueous environment.

本研究通过原位共沉淀法将针铁矿掺入小檗荚果中，以增强对水中环境中Zn2+和Pb2+的吸附。采用透射电子显微镜（TEM）、x射线衍射（XRD）、x射线光电子能谱（XPS）、布鲁诺尔-埃米特-泰勒（BET）、傅里叶变换红外光谱（FT-IR）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）等研究了未改性（UNALB）和改性（GMALB）材料的微观结构、结晶度、化学状态、结构性能、表面化学和热稳定性。FTIR光谱和BET测量结果表明，GMALB添加了Fe-OH和Fe-O等官能团，BET表面积提高到28.762 m²/g，证实改性成功完成。针铁矿的掺入增强了UNALB的表面电位，为Zn 2 +和Pb 2 +的去除提供了更多的吸附位点。UNALB和GMALB对Zn 2 +和Pb 2 +的吸附数据可以用Langmuir等温线和拟二级动力学模型更好地解释，表明吸附过程以均匀表面的化学吸附为主。UNALB和GMALB对Zn2+的最大吸附量分别为10.24和66.99 mg/g， 16.07和83.33 mg/g，优于以往报道的众多吸附剂。吸附热力学测试表明，吸附反应是自发的、放热的。这些结果强调了一种有效和可持续的针铁矿修饰的Albizia lebbeck在水环境中去除重金属的潜力。

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引用次数: 0

Geogenic controls on groundwater chemistry and drinking water quality index (DWQI) evaluation in semi-arid Mahendragarh district, Haryana 哈里亚纳邦半干旱Mahendragarh地区地下水化学及饮用水水质指数（DWQI）评价的地质控制因素

Cleaner Water

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100201

Baru Ram , Naresh Kumar , Vidya Nand Negi , Priyanka Singh , Ankush Sagwal , Ayush Kesharwani

Groundwater quality assessment in semi-arid regions remains understudied despite growing dependence on limited subsurface resources and increasing salinization risks. In Mahendergarh district, Haryana an area along the Aravalli ranges with scarce surface water availability systematic evaluations integrating geochemical analysis and GIS-based spatial modelling are lacking. This study addresses this gap by assessing the suitability of groundwater for drinking purposes using the Drinking Water Quality Index (DWQI). Sixteen physicochemical parameters were analysed, and results revealed that only 3.84 % of samples fell within the excellent category, 50 % good, 30.76 % poor, 11.53 % very poor, and 3.84 % unsuitable for drinking. The deterioration of groundwater quality in poor to unsuitable categories was primarily due to high salinity, posing potential health risks if consumed without treatment. Gibbs plots indicate dominant rock–water interaction with clear evaporative enrichment in high TDS zones. Piper facies mainly fall under mixed Ca–Mg–HCO₃⁻ and Na–Cl types, reflecting complex lithological controls and evaporative concentration. Hydrogeochemical interpretation reveals that silicate weathering, evaporite dissolution, carbonate weathering, fracture zones, and mineralogical influences are the principal processes influencing the groundwater chemistry of the study area. Health-risk implications highlight fluoride toxicity, salinity hazards, and nitrate related risks. This first comprehensive DWQI-based assessment supported by GIS mapping provides critical insights for continuous monitoring and region-specific management strategies to ensure safe and sustainable drinking water supply.

尽管对有限地下资源的依赖日益增加，盐渍化风险日益增加，但半干旱区地下水质量评价研究仍然不足。在哈里亚纳邦沿Aravalli山脉的Mahendergarh地区，缺乏地表水可用性稀缺的系统评估，缺乏将地球化学分析和基于gis的空间建模相结合的系统评估。本研究通过使用饮用水质量指数（DWQI）评估地下水的饮用适宜性来解决这一差距。对16个理化参数进行了分析，结果表明，只有3.84 %的样品属于优等，50 %为良好，30.76 %为差，11.53 %为极差，3.84 %不适合饮用。水质较差或不适宜的地下水水质恶化的主要原因是含盐量高，如果不加处理就饮用，可能对健康构成威胁。Gibbs图显示，在高TDS带，岩石-水相互作用占主导地位，蒸发富集明显。Piper相主要为Ca-Mg-HCO₃⁻和Na-Cl混合型，反映了复杂的岩性控制和蒸发浓度。水文地球化学解释表明，硅酸盐风化、蒸发岩溶蚀、碳酸盐风化、裂缝带和矿物学影响是影响研究区地下水化学的主要过程。健康风险影响强调氟化物毒性、盐度危害和硝酸盐相关风险。这是第一次基于dwqi的综合评估，由GIS制图支持，为持续监测和特定区域管理战略提供了重要见解，以确保安全和可持续的饮用水供应。

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引用次数: 0

AI-based wastewater treatment for a circular economy and sustainable management of PFAS, heavy metals, microplastics, and antibiotics 基于人工智能的废水处理，用于循环经济和PFAS、重金属、微塑料和抗生素的可持续管理

Cleaner Water

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100189

Rahini Parsoya , Bhawna Bisht , Mikhail S. Vlaskin , Krishna Kumar Jaiswal , P.K. Chauhan , Manoj K. Tripathi , Anna Kurbatova , Vishal Rajput , Vinod Kumar

Wastewater treatment plays a vital role for safeguarding public health, protecting ecosystems, and ensuring long-term water security. However, rapid urbanization, industrial growth, and rising water demand are exposing the limitations of conventional treatment systems, which often require high operational costs and struggle to maintain efficiency. The integration of artificial intelligence (AI), supported by practical case studies, offers a transformative pathway for addressing these challenges. Advanced AI algorithms, including machine learning (ML), deep learning (DL) models such as artificial neural networks (ANNs), recurrent neural networks (RNNs), fuzzy neural networks (FNNs), and hybrid frameworks demonstrate high predictive accuracy (R² >0.99) in anomaly detection, process modelling, optimization, and automated control, enabling efficient management of the complex and non-linear behaviour of wastewater systems. These capabilities are especially valuable for tackling emerging contaminants such as per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), microplastics, heavy metals, and antibiotics, contributing to reduced operational costs, enhanced treatment performance. This manuscript aims to critically evaluate the transformative potential of artificial intelligence (AI) in addressing the limitations of conventional wastewater treatment systems.

废水处理在保障公众健康、保护生态系统和确保长期水安全方面发挥着至关重要的作用。然而，快速的城市化、工业增长和不断增长的用水需求暴露了传统处理系统的局限性，这些系统通常需要高昂的运营成本，并且难以保持效率。在实际案例研究的支持下，人工智能（AI）的整合为应对这些挑战提供了一条变革性的途径。先进的人工智能算法，包括机器学习（ML）、深度学习（DL）模型，如人工神经网络（ann）、循环神经网络（rnn）、模糊神经网络（fnn）和混合框架，在异常检测、过程建模、优化和自动控制方面表现出很高的预测精度（R²>0.99），能够有效管理废水系统的复杂和非线性行为。这些能力对于处理全氟烷基和多氟烷基物质（PFAS）、微塑料、重金属和抗生素等新兴污染物尤其有价值，有助于降低运营成本，提高处理性能。本文旨在批判性地评估人工智能（AI）在解决传统废水处理系统局限性方面的变革潜力。

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引用次数: 0

Hydrogeochemical evaluation and human health risk assessment of uranium and radon in the coastal aquifers of southern Tamil Nadu 泰米尔纳德邦南部沿海含水层中铀和氡的水文地球化学评价和人类健康风险评估

Cleaner Water

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100192

M. Seeththa Sankar Narayanan , V. Stephen Pitchaimani , S. Selvam , P. Muthukumar

Groundwater contamination by geogenic radionuclides, such as uranium and radon, poses significant public health risks, particularly in hard-rock and coastal aquifers of southern India, where lithological controls favour their mobilisation. This study assesses the spatial distribution and age-dependent radiological health risks of uranium and radon in groundwater from Kadaladi Taluk, Southern Tamil Nadu. Forty-four samples were analysed for uranium using an LED fluorimeter and radon using a RAD7 radon detector. Uranium concentrations ranged from 0.01 to 35.58 µg/L (mean 4.70 µg/L), with exceedances at selected locations and elevated hazard quotient (HQ) values in children, indicating potential non-carcinogenic risks. Lifetime Average Daily Dose (LADD) and excess cancer risk estimates for U-238 and U-234 revealed localised chronic exposure. Radon concentrations varied from 69 to 640 Bq/L (mean 246 Bq/L), with 29.55 % of samples yielding annual effective doses above three mSv y⁻¹ . Infants were the most exposed group due to higher water intake per unit body mass. Statistical residual analysis showed that uranium variability was site-specific, whereas radon exhibited broader regional geological control. The co-occurrence of uranium and radon hotspots highlights the need for integrated hydrogeochemical and radiological management. Mitigation strategies, such as point-of-use treatment, wellhead aeration, improved ventilation, and continuous monitoring, are recommended to reduce exposure risks in high-risk zones.

地下水受到地质放射性核素（如铀和氡）的污染，构成重大的公共健康风险，特别是在印度南部的硬岩和沿海含水层，那里的岩性控制有利于它们的调动。本研究评估了泰米尔纳德邦南部Kadaladi Taluk地下水中铀和氡的空间分布和年龄相关的放射性健康风险。使用LED荧光计分析了44个样品的铀含量，使用RAD7氡探测器分析了氡含量。铀浓度范围为0.01至35.58 µg/L（平均4.70 µg/L），在选定地点超标，儿童的危害商（HQ）值升高，表明潜在的非致癌风险。U-238和U-234的终生平均日剂量（LADD）和过量癌症风险估计显示局部慢性暴露。氡浓度从69到640 Bq/L不等（平均246 Bq/L）， 29.55 %的样品产生的年有效剂量在3毫西弗y毒毒学¹ 以上。婴儿是受影响最大的群体，因为他们每单位体重的饮水量更高。统计残差分析表明，铀的变异是特定地点的，而氡则表现出更广泛的区域地质控制。铀和氡热点的共存突出了水文地球化学和放射学综合管理的必要性。建议采取缓解战略，如使用点处理、井口通风、改善通风和持续监测，以减少高风险地区的暴露风险。

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引用次数: 0

Comprehensive assessment of groundwater quality in Moilakanda, Mymensingh City: Insights from water quality indices and multivariate analysis 迈门辛格市莫伊拉坎达地下水质量综合评价：来自水质指数和多变量分析的见解

Cleaner Water

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100148

Md. Amit Hasan , S. Bipulendu Basak , Md Khairul Haque , Sujit Kumar Roy

Groundwater is a source of drinking water, but the quality of the water is increasingly exposed to the dangers of both natural and human actions, Combined strategies based on Water Quality Indices (WQI, WPI), multivariate statistical methods, and Geographic Information System (GIS) mapping are still underused in groundwater quality assessment studies which inhibits a deeper understanding of contamination sources and their spatial distribution. This study aims to assess groundwater quality for drinking purposes by calculating the Water Quality Index (WQI) and Water Pollution Index (WPI), identify predominant influencing parameters using Principal Component Analysis (PCA), and map the spatial distribution of physicochemical parameters and indices using GIS. In 13 out of 15 samples, manganese levels averaged 2.1416 mg/L, about six times above the standard limit of 0.4 mg/L. Mathematically, Water Pollution Index rated 54 % of the samples as highly contaminated and at a depth of 60 feet, and similarly, the WQI rated 47 % of the samples as excellent or good and were at a depth of 80 feet to 100 feet. Overall, 7 samples indicated good water, and 8 were moderate to highly polluted. PCA identified iron and manganese as major pollutants, as they exceeded the Eigenvalues of 0.75, indicating strong pollution and as well Cluster Analysis (CA) grouped the contaminated samples near the during site. Pearson correlation revealed strong relations among TDS, Alkalinity, Mn, and Chloride.The mechanism of water pollution is more pronounced in shallow aquifers than in deeper ones, primarily due to the infiltration of dumped materials. The results can guide local government and communities to adopt good water purification systems, improve waste management strategies, and resettle or scientifically control dumping sites to safeguard human health and to ensure clean drinking water in Moilakanda.

地下水是饮用水的重要来源，但水质日益受到自然和人类活动的危害，基于水质指数（WQI， WPI）、多元统计方法和地理信息系统（GIS）制图的综合策略在地下水质量评价研究中仍未得到充分利用，这阻碍了对污染源及其空间分布的深入了解。本研究旨在通过计算水质指数（WQI）和水污染指数（WPI）对饮用水水质进行评价，利用主成分分析（PCA）识别主要影响参数，并利用GIS绘制理化参数和指标的空间分布图。在15个样本中，有13个样本的锰含量平均为2.1416毫克/升，比标准限量0.4毫克/升高出约6倍。从数学上讲，水污染指数将54 %的样本评为高度污染，深度为60英尺，同样，WQI将47 %的样本评为优秀或良好，深度为80英尺至100英尺。总体而言，7个样本水质良好，8个样本污染中度至重度。主成分分析（PCA）认为铁和锰是主要污染物，它们超过了0.75的特征值，表明污染较强，聚类分析（CA）将污染样品分组在现场附近。Pearson相关性显示TDS、碱度、Mn和氯化物之间有很强的相关性。水体污染机制在浅层比深层更为明显，这主要是由于倾倒物的入渗。研究结果可以指导当地政府和社区采用良好的水净化系统，改进废物管理策略，重新安置或科学控制倾倒场地，以保障人类健康并确保莫伊拉坎达的清洁饮用水。

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引用次数: 0

Application of multi-criteria analysis for selecting the most sustainable industrial wastewater treatment technology 应用多准则分析选择最可持续的工业废水处理技术

Cleaner Water

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.clwat.2026.100225

Anoud Rashed Elasaly, Jan Bogacki

Water security is critically threatened by global pressures, making sustainable industrial wastewater management a paramount challenge. This study offers a novel, data-driven assessment of industrial wastewater treatment technologies via a critical and comprehensive Multi-Criteria Analysis (MCA). Conventional and emerging technologies are rigorously compared across four key sustainability parameters: treatment efficiency, energy consumption, environmental impact, and operational costs. The novelty of this research is two-fold: first, the interrelation between energy consumption and operational costs is critically quantified, offering a more realistic economic assessment; second, the MCA findings are utilized to propose innovative, integrated treatment train strategies tailored to specific wastewater characteristics, moving beyond simple ranking to practical implementation. The analysis robustly identified Reverse Osmosis (RO), as the most sustainable single technology. The resulting integrated approaches provide new insights for maximizing resource recovery and serve as a strategic decision-making tool for achieving holistic industrial water sustainability.

水安全受到全球压力的严重威胁，使可持续的工业废水管理成为一项重大挑战。本研究通过关键和全面的多标准分析（MCA），为工业废水处理技术提供了一种新颖的、数据驱动的评估。传统技术和新兴技术在四个关键的可持续性参数上进行了严格的比较：处理效率、能源消耗、环境影响和运营成本。这项研究的新颖之处在于两个方面：首先，能源消耗和运营成本之间的相互关系被严格量化，提供了更现实的经济评估；其次，利用MCA的研究结果提出针对特定废水特性的创新综合处理方案，从简单的排名转向实际实施。该分析有力地确定了反渗透（RO）是最可持续的单一技术。由此产生的综合方法为最大限度地回收资源提供了新的见解，并作为实现整体工业水可持续性的战略决策工具。

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引用次数: 0

Cadmium adsorptive removal from water using activated carbon derived from Tradescantia fluminensis: Isotherm, kinetic, and thermodynamic studies 利用氟藻衍生的活性炭吸附去除水中镉：等温线、动力学和热力学研究

Cleaner Water

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.clwat.2026.100218

Solomon Oluwaseun Akinnawo , Afamefuna Elvis Okoronkwo , Olugbenga O. Oluwasina

This study utilized activated carbon derived from Tradescantia flumenesis (T. fluminensis) for the removal of Cd²⁺ ions from water. The surface morphology, elemental composition, functional groups, and surface charge of the activated carbon were investigated using SEM, EDX, FTIR, and

{pH}_{pzc}

. The SEM-EDX analysis revealed a highly porous compound that comprises carbon and oxygen, while the FTIR spectrum revealed peaks at 1587.56, 1085.59, and 3200–3350 cm⁻¹ that indicated the presence of CC aromatic, C–O, and the weak presence of -OH group. The batch study demonstrated the effects of operational parameters on the adsorptive efficiency of the activated carbon by attaining 87.2 % Cd²⁺ ion removal from water at an optimum pH of 5 in contact time (120 min), dosage (0.1 g), and temperature (301 K). The isotherm was well fitted using the Freundlich model, indicating a multilayer adsorption of Cd²⁺ ion, while the kinetics was best described by the pseudo-second-order model that predicted a maximum adsorption capacity (8.703 mg/g) in a closer range to the experimental outcome (8.8731 mg/g), compared to the pseudo-first order model. Furthermore, thermodynamic parameters such as ΔG (-2.343 to −4.794 KJ/mol), ΔH (2.303–10.549 KJ/mol), and ΔS (15.405–44.831 J/mol) were obtained in a temperature range of 301–338 K. This indicates a spontaneous and endothermic adsorption process for Cd²⁺ ion removal governed by a physisorption mechanism.

本研究利用来自Tradescantia flumenesis （T. fluuminensis）的活性炭去除水中的Cd2+离子。采用SEM、EDX、FTIR和pHpzc对活性炭的表面形貌、元素组成、官能团和表面电荷进行了表征。SEM-EDX分析显示该化合物是由碳和氧组成的多孔化合物，而FTIR光谱在1587.56,1085.59和3200-3350 cm−1处显示存在CC芳香，C-O和-OH基团的弱存在。在接触时间（120 min）、投加量（0.1 g）、温度（301 K）、最佳pH值为5的条件下，对水中Cd2+离子的去除率达到87.2%，结果表明操作参数对活性炭吸附效率的影响。等温线采用Freundlich模型拟合得很好，表明Cd2+离子的多层吸附，而动力学用拟二阶模型描述得最好，预测最大吸附量为8.703 mg/g，与实验结果（8.8731 mg/g）相比，拟一阶模型更接近。在301 ~ 338 K范围内，分别得到了ΔG（-2.343 ~−4.794 KJ/mol）、ΔH （2.303 ~ 10.549 KJ/mol）和ΔS （15.405 ~ 44.831 J/mol）的热力学参数。这表明Cd2+离子的自发吸热吸附过程是由物理吸附机制控制的。

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