Pub Date : 2025-11-01Epub Date: 2025-06-28DOI: 10.1016/j.foodpol.2025.102908
Nathan Morrow , Daniel Maxwell , Nancy B. Mock , Nicholas Haan , Neil K. Marsland , Erin Lentz
Food security information systems (FSIS) face unprecedented threats from abrupt shifts in political and funding priorities, misinformation, and manipulation. We draw on 50 years of research in Food Policy and the broader FSIS literature to offer five resilience characteristics to guide development of a future-fit FSIS: (1) safeguard integrity and impartiality; (2) ensure independent and transparent governance; (3) optimize data and analysis value streams for decision-making; (4) break down sectoral barriers for holistic food security characterization; and (5) innovate responsibly while embedding accountability and learning. We suggest recommended actions based on these resilience characteristics to co-create a more resilient FSIS ecosystem to guide humanitarian responses, advance preventive action for acute crises, and efficiently deliver results.
{"title":"Resilient food security information systems in the age of disruption: An ecosystem approach","authors":"Nathan Morrow , Daniel Maxwell , Nancy B. Mock , Nicholas Haan , Neil K. Marsland , Erin Lentz","doi":"10.1016/j.foodpol.2025.102908","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.foodpol.2025.102908","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Food security information systems (FSIS) face unprecedented threats from abrupt shifts in political and funding priorities, misinformation, and manipulation. We draw on 50 years of research in<!--> <em>Food Policy</em> <!-->and the broader FSIS literature to offer five resilience characteristics to guide development of a future-fit FSIS: (1) safeguard integrity and impartiality; (2) ensure independent and transparent governance; (3) optimize data and analysis value streams for decision-making; (4) break down sectoral barriers for holistic food security characterization; and (5) innovate responsibly while embedding accountability and learning. We suggest recommended actions based on these resilience characteristics to co-create a more resilient FSIS ecosystem to guide humanitarian responses, advance preventive action for acute crises, and efficiently deliver results.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":321,"journal":{"name":"Food Policy","volume":"137 ","pages":"Article 102908"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144502141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-01Epub Date: 2025-07-03DOI: 10.1016/j.foodpol.2025.102913
William A. Masters
This Policy Comment describes how the Food Policy article entitled “Cost and affordability of nutritious diets at retail prices: Evidence from 177 countries” (first published October 2020) and “Retail consumer price data reveal gaps and opportunities to monitor food systems for nutrition” (first published September 2021) advanced the use of least-cost benchmark diets to monitor and improve food security. Those papers contributed to the worldwide use of least-cost diets as a new diagnostic indicator of food access, helping to distinguish among causes of poor diet quality related to high prices, low incomes, or displacement by other food options, thereby guiding intervention toward universal access to healthy diets.
{"title":"Tracking the affordability of least-cost healthy diets helps guide intervention for food security and improved nutrition","authors":"William A. Masters","doi":"10.1016/j.foodpol.2025.102913","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.foodpol.2025.102913","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This Policy Comment describes how the <em>Food Policy</em> article entitled “Cost and affordability of nutritious diets at retail prices: Evidence from 177 countries” (first published October 2020) and “Retail consumer price data reveal gaps and opportunities to monitor food systems for nutrition” (first published September 2021) advanced the use of least-cost benchmark diets to monitor and improve food security. Those papers contributed to the worldwide use of least-cost diets as a new diagnostic indicator of food access, helping to distinguish among causes of poor diet quality related to high prices, low incomes, or displacement by other food options, thereby guiding intervention toward universal access to healthy diets.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":321,"journal":{"name":"Food Policy","volume":"137 ","pages":"Article 102913"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144548454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-01Epub Date: 2025-11-20DOI: 10.1016/j.foodpol.2025.103000
Wenjin Long , Ting Meng , Xu Tian , Shenggen Fan
While global progress toward food system transformation for UN Sustainable Development Goals has lagged, China, representing one-sixth of the world’s population, has made significant strides in food security. Previous research has not fully captured China’s recent changes in food consumption and supply, nor adequately addressed food security from a governance perspective. This study examines China’s food system transformation since 2013 through analysis of statistical data, policy documents, and literature, focusing on changes in demand, supply, supply–demand balance, and food system governance. The findings show China’s food system has undergone complex transformations during the last decade. Consumer preferences are shifting toward diverse, high-quality, and nutritious foods, especially animal proteins, while direct grain consumption decreases. This transition has created structural challenges, including dietary imbalances and rising health issues. The supply side, despite increased production and improved capabilities, faces challenges such as declining self-sufficiency rate for certain production, heavy dependence on arable land, and spatial mismatches between production and consumption areas. The supply–demand relationship reveals structural imbalances, particularly in protein supply and feed grain sectors, with quantity-focused approaches leading to simultaneous surpluses and shortages. China’s food security is increasingly challenged by rapidly growing import dependencies and declining self-sufficiency across major agricultural sectors. Food system governance in China has evolved from traditional grain security to a broader food security concept, adopting market-oriented approaches, extending the scope from production to the whole food system, and building a new relationship between stakeholders. Nevertheless, the food system governance needs improvements in assessment mechanisms, government role optimization, framework integration, and stakeholder engagement. The evolution of China’s food security and food system governance generate global impacts through multiple interconnected channels, creating both opportunities and challenges for the international community.
{"title":"China’s food security and food system governance: recent developments and global implications","authors":"Wenjin Long , Ting Meng , Xu Tian , Shenggen Fan","doi":"10.1016/j.foodpol.2025.103000","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.foodpol.2025.103000","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>While global progress toward food system transformation for UN Sustainable Development Goals has lagged, China, representing one-sixth of the world’s population, has made significant strides in food security. Previous research has not fully captured China’s recent changes in food consumption and supply, nor adequately addressed food security from a governance perspective. This study examines China’s food system transformation since 2013 through analysis of statistical data, policy documents, and literature, focusing on changes in demand, supply, supply–demand balance, and food system governance. The findings show China’s food system has undergone complex transformations during the last decade. Consumer preferences are shifting toward diverse, high-quality, and nutritious foods, especially animal proteins, while direct grain consumption decreases. This transition has created structural challenges, including dietary imbalances and rising health issues. The supply side, despite increased production and improved capabilities, faces challenges such as declining self-sufficiency rate for certain production, heavy dependence on arable land, and spatial mismatches between production and consumption areas. The supply–demand relationship reveals structural imbalances, particularly in protein supply and feed grain sectors, with quantity-focused approaches leading to simultaneous surpluses and shortages. China’s food security is increasingly challenged by rapidly growing import dependencies and declining self-sufficiency across major agricultural sectors. Food system governance in China has evolved from traditional grain security to a broader food security concept, adopting market-oriented approaches, extending the scope from production to the whole food system, and building a new relationship between stakeholders. Nevertheless, the food system governance needs improvements in assessment mechanisms, government role optimization, framework integration, and stakeholder engagement. The evolution of China’s food security and food system governance generate global impacts through multiple interconnected channels, creating both opportunities and challenges for the international community.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":321,"journal":{"name":"Food Policy","volume":"137 ","pages":"Article 103000"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145575846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-01Epub Date: 2025-09-07DOI: 10.1016/j.foodpol.2025.102964
Robert Paarlberg
{"title":"Corrigendum to “Methane from cattle: facing realities in the global south”. [Food Policy, 136 (2025) 102949]","authors":"Robert Paarlberg","doi":"10.1016/j.foodpol.2025.102964","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.foodpol.2025.102964","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":321,"journal":{"name":"Food Policy","volume":"136 ","pages":"Article 102964"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145010583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-01Epub Date: 2025-10-06DOI: 10.1016/j.foodpol.2025.102970
Maguette Sembene, Bradford Mills, Anubhab Gupta
Historical data show a rising trend in extreme heat in the past four decades in the Groundnut Basin of Senegal. We evaluate the economic costs of extreme heat on groundnut production in the region. Using temperature data from the ERA5 global climate reanalysis, we define extreme heat degree days (EHDDs) as the cumulative number of degree days above 35 °C during the groundnut growing season and estimate its effect on quasi-profits and yields at the person, household, and field levels utilizing a two-year panel data of 1,123 households. Our econometric estimations show that an additional EHDD reduces quasi-profits by 5,460 FCFA per hectare and significantly lowers yield by 2.5%. Further, rainfall interactions with EHDD generate compounding losses under high heat and rainfall. The findings highlight important and often unseen effects of increasing temperatures on agricultural practices in climate-vulnerable areas such as the Groundnut Basin and underscore the need for adaptation and mitigation strategies to cope with the impacts of climate change.
{"title":"Economic costs of extreme heat on groundnut production in the Senegal Groundnut Basin","authors":"Maguette Sembene, Bradford Mills, Anubhab Gupta","doi":"10.1016/j.foodpol.2025.102970","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.foodpol.2025.102970","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Historical data show a rising trend in extreme heat in the past four decades in the Groundnut Basin of Senegal. We evaluate the economic costs of extreme heat on groundnut production in the region. Using temperature data from the ERA5 global climate reanalysis, we define extreme heat degree days (EHDDs) as the cumulative number of degree days above 35 °C during the groundnut growing season and estimate its effect on quasi-profits and yields at the person, household, and field levels utilizing a two-year panel data of 1,123 households. Our econometric estimations show that an additional EHDD reduces quasi-profits by 5,460 FCFA per hectare and significantly lowers yield by 2.5%. Further, rainfall interactions with EHDD generate compounding losses under high heat and rainfall. The findings highlight important and often unseen effects of increasing temperatures on agricultural practices in climate-vulnerable areas such as the Groundnut Basin and underscore the need for adaptation and mitigation strategies to cope with the impacts of climate change.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":321,"journal":{"name":"Food Policy","volume":"136 ","pages":"Article 102970"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145262779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-01Epub Date: 2025-10-10DOI: 10.1016/j.foodpol.2025.102972
Josep Lloret , Mar Vila-Belmonte , Angel Izquierdo , Joan San , Sebastian Biton-Porsmoguer
This study, for the first time, examines the evolution of Omega-3 supply landed by local fisheries over time in the Mediterranean Sea, while considering trade-offs between species with varying temperature preferences. The province of Girona (northwestern Mediterranean, Spain) is used as our case study. Our results show that, between 2000 and 2023, there was a strong declining trend in the Omega-3 supplied by temperate and cold-water species (which have been negatively affected by overexploitation and climate change), and that this has not been compensated by the increase in the Omega-3 supplied by warm-water species (which have benefited from climate change). Considering the poor status of the Mediterranean stocks and the negative impacts of sea warming on Omega-3 production, our study provides empirical evidence that the self-sufficiency of Omega-3 supplied by seafood for future generations is far from assured.
{"title":"The unsustainability of the Omega-3 supply from seafood in the Mediterranean under global change","authors":"Josep Lloret , Mar Vila-Belmonte , Angel Izquierdo , Joan San , Sebastian Biton-Porsmoguer","doi":"10.1016/j.foodpol.2025.102972","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.foodpol.2025.102972","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study, for the first time, examines the evolution of Omega-3 supply landed by local fisheries over time in the Mediterranean Sea, while considering trade-offs between species with varying temperature preferences. The province of Girona (northwestern Mediterranean, Spain) is used as our case study. Our results show that, between 2000 and 2023, there was a strong declining trend in the Omega-3 supplied by temperate and cold-water species (which have been negatively affected by overexploitation and climate change), and that this has not been compensated by the increase in the Omega-3 supplied by warm-water species (which have benefited from climate change). Considering the poor status of the Mediterranean stocks and the negative impacts of sea warming on Omega-3 production, our study provides empirical evidence that the self-sufficiency of Omega-3 supplied by seafood for future generations is far from assured.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":321,"journal":{"name":"Food Policy","volume":"136 ","pages":"Article 102972"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145262783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Climate change is forcing farmers worldwide to adopt more resilient crop varieties, but optimizing the yields of these varieties often requires new farming practices. We study whether hybrid agricultural extension can increase farmers’ knowledge and adoption of key practices needed to maximize the productivity of a pathogen-resistant hybrid oil palm variety in the Ecuadorian Amazon. Using a randomized field experiment involving palm farmers in two provinces, we test the separate and joint effects of in-person field days and personalized digital nudges. We find that field days and digital nudges are substitutes for improving farmers’ knowledge but affect digital engagement differently: In-person training raises engagement with sequential learning content, while digital nudges increase attention to specific, actionable information. Crucially, only in-person training leads to significant adoption of pollination practices and increased hybrid palm area. Our findings highlight both the promise and limits of digital-only extension models for supporting the adoption of resilient crops and associated yield-enhancing practices.
{"title":"Hybrid agricultural extension and the adoption of climate-resilient varieties: Evidence from oil palm in the Amazon","authors":"Alejandro Estefan , Romina Ordoñez , Cristina Parilli , Paul Winters","doi":"10.1016/j.foodpol.2025.102952","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.foodpol.2025.102952","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Climate change is forcing farmers worldwide to adopt more resilient crop varieties, but optimizing the yields of these varieties often requires new farming practices. We study whether hybrid agricultural extension can increase farmers’ knowledge and adoption of key practices needed to maximize the productivity of a pathogen-resistant hybrid oil palm variety in the Ecuadorian Amazon. Using a randomized field experiment involving palm farmers in two provinces, we test the separate and joint effects of in-person field days and personalized digital nudges. We find that field days and digital nudges are substitutes for improving farmers’ knowledge but affect digital engagement differently: In-person training raises engagement with sequential learning content, while digital nudges increase attention to specific, actionable information. Crucially, only in-person training leads to significant adoption of pollination practices and increased hybrid palm area. Our findings highlight both the promise and limits of digital-only extension models for supporting the adoption of resilient crops and associated yield-enhancing practices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":321,"journal":{"name":"Food Policy","volume":"136 ","pages":"Article 102952"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145060503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-01Epub Date: 2025-09-15DOI: 10.1016/j.foodpol.2025.102943
S. Dysard , S. Mayhew , M. Ranganathan , P. Milsom , H. Walls
The globally dominant industrialised food system, which encompasses the interrelated actors and activities involved in producing, processing, distributing, preparing and consuming food, in its current form contributes to the global burden of food insecurity and malnutrition, and to environmental degradation and social inequities. Women are critical actors across all aspects of this food system, yet food systems also drive gender inequality, negatively impacting the health and wellbeing of women and girls globally. Addressing these systemic gender inequities is essential for food systems transformation, which requires the adoption of gender-transformative approaches (GTAs) in policymaking. This study assessed the level of gender inclusion in existing global-level food systems policy recommendations to identify gaps in the achievement of GTAs within sustainable food systems policymaking. We undertook a three‑step methodological approach: (i) identification and adaptation of a gender inclusion assessment tool through a scoping review; (ii) identification of global-level policies addressing food systems challenges; and (iii) gender inclusion policy analysis using the adapted assessment tool. The analysis revealed that most food systems policies recommended at the global level fail to integrate GTAs. Policies that were assessed showed limited consideration for gender equality and did not effectively address systemic gender inequities. The findings suggest that GTAs should be prioritised in food systems policymaking to address gender inequalities. There is scope for considerable gender inclusion assessment tool and framework development, but the gender inclusion assessment tool used in this study provides a foundational framework for future gender inclusion analysis in global food systems policy development.
{"title":"Gender and food systems: Are global recommendations for sustainable food systems transformation also gender transformative?","authors":"S. Dysard , S. Mayhew , M. Ranganathan , P. Milsom , H. Walls","doi":"10.1016/j.foodpol.2025.102943","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.foodpol.2025.102943","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The globally dominant industrialised food system, which encompasses the interrelated actors and activities involved in producing, processing, distributing, preparing and consuming food, in its current form contributes to the global burden of food insecurity and malnutrition, and to environmental degradation and social inequities. Women are critical actors across all aspects of this food system, yet food systems also drive gender inequality, negatively impacting the health and wellbeing of women and girls globally. Addressing these systemic gender inequities is essential for food systems transformation, which requires the adoption of gender-transformative approaches (GTAs) in policymaking. This study assessed the level of gender inclusion in existing global-level food systems policy recommendations to identify gaps in the achievement of GTAs within sustainable food systems policymaking. We undertook a three‑step methodological approach: (i) identification and adaptation of a gender inclusion assessment tool through a scoping review; (ii) identification of global-level policies addressing food systems challenges; and (iii) gender inclusion policy analysis using the adapted assessment tool. The analysis revealed that most food systems policies recommended at the global level fail to integrate GTAs. Policies that were assessed showed limited consideration for gender equality and did not effectively address systemic gender inequities. The findings suggest that GTAs should be prioritised in food systems policymaking to address gender inequalities. There is scope for considerable gender inclusion assessment tool and framework development, but the gender inclusion assessment tool used in this study provides a foundational framework for future gender inclusion analysis in global food systems policy development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":321,"journal":{"name":"Food Policy","volume":"136 ","pages":"Article 102943"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145096205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-01Epub Date: 2025-09-26DOI: 10.1016/j.foodpol.2025.102969
Chrispinus Mutsami , Kevin W. Maina , Makaiko G. Khonje
Improving rural nutrition remains a pressing development challenge across sub-Saharan Africa, where agriculture dominates livelihoods but diets often lack diversity and essential nutrients. In this context, women’s participation in off-farm employment may play a critical role in shaping household food consumption patterns. By generating additional income, women’s off-farm work can enhance households’ ability to purchase diverse and nutrient-rich foods, reduce reliance on subsistence farming, and strengthen women’s decision-making power over food choices. Despite these potential pathways, the extent to which women’s off-farm employment actually improves household consumption of calories and key micronutrients remains poorly understood. Here we investigate the link between women’s off-farm employment and household dietary quality in Malawi, using a ten-year panel dataset. Employing panel regression approaches, we find that women’s participation in off-farm work—especially in self-employment and wage employment—is positively associated with household consumption of calories and key micronutrients, including vitamin A, iron, and zinc. In contrast, casual labor (commonly known as ganyu in Malawi) shows no significant dietary effects. Our pathway analyses indicate that increased income from off-farm employment enhances consumption of calories and micronutrients from purchased foods, while reliance on own-produced food declines. These results highlight the potential of well-paying off-farm opportunities to improve nutrition, underscoring the need for policies that improve non-farm enterprise and wage employment for women in sub-Saharan Africa.
{"title":"Women’s off-farm employment improves household nutrition in Malawi","authors":"Chrispinus Mutsami , Kevin W. Maina , Makaiko G. Khonje","doi":"10.1016/j.foodpol.2025.102969","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.foodpol.2025.102969","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Improving rural nutrition remains a pressing development challenge across sub-Saharan Africa, where agriculture dominates livelihoods but diets often lack diversity and essential nutrients. In this context, women’s participation in off-farm employment may play a critical role in shaping household food consumption patterns. By generating additional income, women’s off-farm work can enhance households’ ability to purchase diverse and nutrient-rich foods, reduce reliance on subsistence farming, and strengthen women’s decision-making power over food choices. Despite these potential pathways, the extent to which women’s off-farm employment actually improves household consumption of calories and key micronutrients remains poorly understood. Here we investigate the link between women’s off-farm employment and household dietary quality in Malawi, using a ten-year panel dataset. Employing panel regression approaches, we find that women’s participation in off-farm work—especially in self-employment and wage employment—is positively associated with household consumption of calories and key micronutrients, including vitamin A, iron, and zinc. In contrast, casual labor (commonly known as <em>ganyu</em> in Malawi) shows no significant dietary effects. Our pathway analyses indicate that increased income from off-farm employment enhances consumption of calories and micronutrients from purchased foods, while reliance on own-produced food declines. These results highlight the potential of well-paying off-farm opportunities to improve nutrition, underscoring the need for policies that improve non-farm enterprise and wage employment for women in sub-Saharan Africa.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":321,"journal":{"name":"Food Policy","volume":"136 ","pages":"Article 102969"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145154855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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