Road salting is a wide-spread practice employed to increase driver safety during the winter months. Salt is, however, very mobile in the environment, toxic to some vegetation and invertebrates in high concentrations, and can seep into aquifers through groundwater recharge. Conductivity of roadside soils was measured as an estimate of soil salinity on the Trans-Canada Highway running through Canmore, Alberta on four consecutive days. Road size and elevation above the surrounding topography were deduced as key factors in determining where highest conductivity was found. Using a cubic polynomial equation for regression, peak conductivity values were estimated to occur at 12.1 m from the edge of the highway. Levels as measured from August 29th to September 1st 2011 demonstrated that soils were weakly to moderately saline. Although excessive soil salinity may be an issue following the spring melts, levels measured at this time of year were not considered to be of any significant environmental concern.
{"title":"Effect of road salt application on soil conductivity in Canmore, Alberta","authors":"M. Zima","doi":"10.21083/SURG.V5I2.1783","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21083/SURG.V5I2.1783","url":null,"abstract":"Road salting is a wide-spread practice employed to increase driver safety during the winter months. Salt is, however, very mobile in the environment, toxic to some vegetation and invertebrates in high concentrations, and can seep into aquifers through groundwater recharge. Conductivity of roadside soils was measured as an estimate of soil salinity on the Trans-Canada Highway running through Canmore, Alberta on four consecutive days. Road size and elevation above the surrounding topography were deduced as key factors in determining where highest conductivity was found. Using a cubic polynomial equation for regression, peak conductivity values were estimated to occur at 12.1 m from the edge of the highway. Levels as measured from August 29th to September 1st 2011 demonstrated that soils were weakly to moderately saline. Although excessive soil salinity may be an issue following the spring melts, levels measured at this time of year were not considered to be of any significant environmental concern.","PeriodicalId":413751,"journal":{"name":"Studies by Undergraduate Researchers at Guelph","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129359405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Competition between agricultural operations, urban transplants, and ecological interests is changing the nature of property rights and land use in rural Ontario. In a region with valuable ecosystems and climate, soil, and location traditionally well-suited for crop and livestock production, plot sizes are decreasing as land is subdivided and allocated to non-agricultural residential use. Although this practice can increase property value for farmers, Michael Heller’s spatial anticommons may also be observed, such that “each owner receives a core bundle of rights, but in too small a space for the most efficient use” [2]. The purpose of this paper is to introduce a new application of Heller’s anticommons theory, examining how the increasingly patchwork-like distribution of rural land parcels can be expected to affect farm and ecosystem productivity. Ultimately, deadweight loss occurs because neither agricultural nor ecological economies of scale can be recognized on plots that are too small for efficient use. Using rural planning reports and habitat ecology studies, trends in the fragmentation process are described and compared to the aims of provincial land-use policy, including the Provincial Policy Statement, the Greenbelt Act, and the Places to Grow Act. While the goals of farmers and conservationists may at times seem discrete or incompatible, the anticommons framework may be used to identify shared challenges. Thus the two parties might consider how collective action could be used to overcome the difficulties of reuniting subdivided tracts of land.
{"title":"Land fragmentation in southern Ontario: A tragedy of the spatial anticommons","authors":"V. Robson","doi":"10.21083/SURG.V5I2.1328","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21083/SURG.V5I2.1328","url":null,"abstract":"Competition between agricultural operations, urban transplants, and ecological interests is changing the nature of property rights and land use in rural Ontario. In a region with valuable ecosystems and climate, soil, and location traditionally well-suited for crop and livestock production, plot sizes are decreasing as land is subdivided and allocated to non-agricultural residential use. Although this practice can increase property value for farmers, Michael Heller’s spatial anticommons may also be observed, such that “each owner receives a core bundle of rights, but in too small a space for the most efficient use” [2]. The purpose of this paper is to introduce a new application of Heller’s anticommons theory, examining how the increasingly patchwork-like distribution of rural land parcels can be expected to affect farm and ecosystem productivity. Ultimately, deadweight loss occurs because neither agricultural nor ecological economies of scale can be recognized on plots that are too small for efficient use. Using rural planning reports and habitat ecology studies, trends in the fragmentation process are described and compared to the aims of provincial land-use policy, including the Provincial Policy Statement, the Greenbelt Act, and the Places to Grow Act. While the goals of farmers and conservationists may at times seem discrete or incompatible, the anticommons framework may be used to identify shared challenges. Thus the two parties might consider how collective action could be used to overcome the difficulties of reuniting subdivided tracts of land.","PeriodicalId":413751,"journal":{"name":"Studies by Undergraduate Researchers at Guelph","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128271636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
With the recent financial crisis and its enduring fallout, questions surrounding the state of global food security have become more pressing. A key element influencing the nutritional status of the world’s poor is price behavior within global food commodity markets. In recent decades, food commodity markets have experienced both significant price increases, and an increase in volatility. These price trends have had significant impacts on the diversity of diets in impoverished households worldwide, which in turn has impacted nutrition and health. This paper will discuss the causes behind recent trends in food commodity prices, and the extent of their impact on food security and nutrition. Specifically, it will address the impact of food price increases and the uncertainty induced by food price volatility on household food consumption and nutrition. Micronutrient intake is the focus of the nutritional discussion of this work, and variations of consumption behavior in various regions and within different household dynamics are all taken into account. Existing policy actions are discussed in terms of the frequency of their implementation, the factors encouraging or deterring their implementation, and their intended and unintended consequences. Finally, the paper concludes with suggestions for future actions and areas for future research.
{"title":"Links between food price behaviour and nutrition in the developing world","authors":"Bethany Woods","doi":"10.21083/SURG.V5I2.1785","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21083/SURG.V5I2.1785","url":null,"abstract":"With the recent financial crisis and its enduring fallout, questions surrounding the state of global food security have become more pressing. A key element influencing the nutritional status of the world’s poor is price behavior within global food commodity markets. In recent decades, food commodity markets have experienced both significant price increases, and an increase in volatility. These price trends have had significant impacts on the diversity of diets in impoverished households worldwide, which in turn has impacted nutrition and health. This paper will discuss the causes behind recent trends in food commodity prices, and the extent of their impact on food security and nutrition. Specifically, it will address the impact of food price increases and the uncertainty induced by food price volatility on household food consumption and nutrition. Micronutrient intake is the focus of the nutritional discussion of this work, and variations of consumption behavior in various regions and within different household dynamics are all taken into account. Existing policy actions are discussed in terms of the frequency of their implementation, the factors encouraging or deterring their implementation, and their intended and unintended consequences. Finally, the paper concludes with suggestions for future actions and areas for future research.","PeriodicalId":413751,"journal":{"name":"Studies by Undergraduate Researchers at Guelph","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129897505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Despite Britain’s rapid territorial expansion and its marked success in establishing international colonies, the early nineteenth century British public held widely divergent views concerning imperialist endeavors. While the colonies retained their element of exoticism and decadence, attracting the British public to the idea of colonial enterprise, native insurrections against British imperial rule inspired fear within the British public. By calling the loyalties of colonial natives into question, and casting doubt upon the overall security of Britain, popular support of territorial expansion began to wane. To understand these contradictory popular responses to British imperialism, this article will undertake an analysis of Arthur Conan Doyle’s popular piece of mystery fiction: The Sign of Four, a literary work written in the context of the Indian Mutiny of 1857. By reflecting contemporary attitudes held in response to British Imperialism, The Sign of Four provides a medium through which popular contradictory responses towards British imperialism can be critically examined.
{"title":"Imperial contradictions in Arthur Conan Doyle’s The Sign of Four","authors":"Jennifer Fraser","doi":"10.21083/SURG.V5I2.1595","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21083/SURG.V5I2.1595","url":null,"abstract":"Despite Britain’s rapid territorial expansion and its marked success in establishing international colonies, the early nineteenth century British public held widely divergent views concerning imperialist endeavors. While the colonies retained their element of exoticism and decadence, attracting the British public to the idea of colonial enterprise, native insurrections against British imperial rule inspired fear within the British public. By calling the loyalties of colonial natives into question, and casting doubt upon the overall security of Britain, popular support of territorial expansion began to wane. To understand these contradictory popular responses to British imperialism, this article will undertake an analysis of Arthur Conan Doyle’s popular piece of mystery fiction: The Sign of Four, a literary work written in the context of the Indian Mutiny of 1857. By reflecting contemporary attitudes held in response to British Imperialism, The Sign of Four provides a medium through which popular contradictory responses towards British imperialism can be critically examined.","PeriodicalId":413751,"journal":{"name":"Studies by Undergraduate Researchers at Guelph","volume":"105 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133338947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Electrospinning is a technology that has been widely used as a novel method for the generation of nano scale fibres. Electrospun fibres are used in a wide range of applications from electronics to textile. The viability and popularity of this technology can be evidenced by its ease of use and the simplicity of the science behind building the electrospinning machine. The generated fibres have a high surface area- to- volume ratio, the fibrous mats are highly porous and display excellent mechanical properties when compared to other materials of the same scale. In the past decade, this technology has taken off with the use of biocompatible and biodegradable polymers. This review is a summary of the different ways in which electrospinning can be used in the biomedical field. This article analyzes the recent advances of this technology in tissue engineering, drug delivery and in enzyme immobilisation, which once again showcases the versatility of the electrospinning procedure.
{"title":"Applications of electrospun nanofibers in the biomedical field","authors":"Nishat Khan","doi":"10.21083/SURG.V5I2.1471","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21083/SURG.V5I2.1471","url":null,"abstract":"Electrospinning is a technology that has been widely used as a novel method for the generation of nano scale fibres. Electrospun fibres are used in a wide range of applications from electronics to textile. The viability and popularity of this technology can be evidenced by its ease of use and the simplicity of the science behind building the electrospinning machine. The generated fibres have a high surface area- to- volume ratio, the fibrous mats are highly porous and display excellent mechanical properties when compared to other materials of the same scale. In the past decade, this technology has taken off with the use of biocompatible and biodegradable polymers. This review is a summary of the different ways in which electrospinning can be used in the biomedical field. This article analyzes the recent advances of this technology in tissue engineering, drug delivery and in enzyme immobilisation, which once again showcases the versatility of the electrospinning procedure.","PeriodicalId":413751,"journal":{"name":"Studies by Undergraduate Researchers at Guelph","volume":"93 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131899812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cassini’s formula and Catalan’s formula are two results from the theory of Fibonacci numbers. This article derives results similar to these, however instead of applying to Fibonacci numbers, they are applied to polygonal numbers and simplex numbers. Triangular numbers are considered first. We then generalize to polygonal and simplex numbers. For polygonal numbers the properties of determinants are used to simplify calculations. For simplex numbers Pascal’s Theorem is used.
{"title":"Cassini- and Catalan-like formulas for polygonal numbers and simplex numbers","authors":"T. Jeffery","doi":"10.21083/surg.v5i2.1725","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21083/surg.v5i2.1725","url":null,"abstract":"Cassini’s formula and Catalan’s formula are two results from the theory of Fibonacci numbers. This article derives results similar to these, however instead of applying to Fibonacci numbers, they are applied to polygonal numbers and simplex numbers. Triangular numbers are considered first. We then generalize to polygonal and simplex numbers. For polygonal numbers the properties of determinants are used to simplify calculations. For simplex numbers Pascal’s Theorem is used.","PeriodicalId":413751,"journal":{"name":"Studies by Undergraduate Researchers at Guelph","volume":"76 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121730744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mobile and smartphone technologies have been on the rise for a decade now, and their rapid adoption has compelled researchers to study the impact of this technological trend. While many of the studies focus on the general effects of mobile technology within the world of commerce, this paper aims to identify the factors that influence mobile customer relationship management by hotel brands. A multi-disciplinary review of research and literature identified several barriers and drivers of mobile technology adoption. The key drivers, immediacy, ubiquity and message personalization, were found to have a positive impact on mobile connections as they build trust and enhance satisfaction, thereby facilitating customer relationship management.
{"title":"Mobile customer relationship management: Factors affecting consumer mobile technology adoption within the hotel industry","authors":"Tina Y. T. Chan","doi":"10.21083/SURG.V5I2.1718","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21083/SURG.V5I2.1718","url":null,"abstract":"Mobile and smartphone technologies have been on the rise for a decade now, and their rapid adoption has compelled researchers to study the impact of this technological trend. While many of the studies focus on the general effects of mobile technology within the world of commerce, this paper aims to identify the factors that influence mobile customer relationship management by hotel brands. A multi-disciplinary review of research and literature identified several barriers and drivers of mobile technology adoption. The key drivers, immediacy, ubiquity and message personalization, were found to have a positive impact on mobile connections as they build trust and enhance satisfaction, thereby facilitating customer relationship management.","PeriodicalId":413751,"journal":{"name":"Studies by Undergraduate Researchers at Guelph","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133265535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The presidency of Porfirio Diaz is often remembered as a period of social degradation and oppression of freedoms in Mexico. His extensive thirty-five year virtual dictatorship brought about a great deal of hardship for the lower classes and an inequitable system of wealth distribution. This image of Porfirio Diaz as a ruthless despot has become an almost impenetrable one in the post-revolutionary Mexican tradition. However, what is often overlooked or unaddressed are the immense economic and social benefits that were still brought about under his rule. Through massive infrastructural improvement programs, superb financial management, and an unrelenting desire to see the implementation of law and order, Porfirio Diaz brought much prosperity and stability to Mexico when it needed it most. Stability, an expression rarely uttered in discussions of Mexican history, was implemented at all costs under Diaz—no small feat considering the near century of political and judicial disorder that preceded his rule. This essay in no way intends to justify the oppressive policies of Diaz, nor excuse the suffering of the lower classes he brought about. Rather, it intends to provide a more balanced view of his rule; bringing to light the more beneficial economic and social policies he implemented that would bring Mexico into the modern, twentieth century world.
{"title":"The Porfiriato: The stability and growth Mexico needed","authors":"Travis Lee Evens","doi":"10.21083/SURG.V5I2.1776","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21083/SURG.V5I2.1776","url":null,"abstract":"The presidency of Porfirio Diaz is often remembered as a period of social degradation and oppression of freedoms in Mexico. His extensive thirty-five year virtual dictatorship brought about a great deal of hardship for the lower classes and an inequitable system of wealth distribution. This image of Porfirio Diaz as a ruthless despot has become an almost impenetrable one in the post-revolutionary Mexican tradition. However, what is often overlooked or unaddressed are the immense economic and social benefits that were still brought about under his rule. Through massive infrastructural improvement programs, superb financial management, and an unrelenting desire to see the implementation of law and order, Porfirio Diaz brought much prosperity and stability to Mexico when it needed it most. Stability, an expression rarely uttered in discussions of Mexican history, was implemented at all costs under Diaz—no small feat considering the near century of political and judicial disorder that preceded his rule. This essay in no way intends to justify the oppressive policies of Diaz, nor excuse the suffering of the lower classes he brought about. Rather, it intends to provide a more balanced view of his rule; bringing to light the more beneficial economic and social policies he implemented that would bring Mexico into the modern, twentieth century world.","PeriodicalId":413751,"journal":{"name":"Studies by Undergraduate Researchers at Guelph","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114124616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
While several traditional criminological theories have been used to explain the causes of white-collar crime, few research studies have examined the role that personality plays in explaining the causes of these types of crimes. University students were measured on two personality scales, self-control and desire for control, to determine the extent to which these factors affect the propensity to commit either street crime or white-collar crime. The findings indicate that self-control has the most significant effect on offending, but only when students indicated that they were willing to commit both street crime and white-collar crime. On the other hand, desire for control did not predict a propensity towards committing either type of crime.
{"title":"University students' propensity towards white-collar versus street crime","authors":"R. Watt","doi":"10.21083/SURG.V5I2.1570","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21083/SURG.V5I2.1570","url":null,"abstract":"While several traditional criminological theories have been used to explain the causes of white-collar crime, few research studies have examined the role that personality plays in explaining the causes of these types of crimes. University students were measured on two personality scales, self-control and desire for control, to determine the extent to which these factors affect the propensity to commit either street crime or white-collar crime. The findings indicate that self-control has the most significant effect on offending, but only when students indicated that they were willing to commit both street crime and white-collar crime. On the other hand, desire for control did not predict a propensity towards committing either type of crime.","PeriodicalId":413751,"journal":{"name":"Studies by Undergraduate Researchers at Guelph","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126813306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
First Nations’ self-government treaties have arisen solely in British Columbia, to the exclusion of every other Canadian province. At first glance, the amount of historical treaties enacted in what is now Ontario prevents new claims from being pursued. Therefore, the assumption exists that because the majority of British Columbia’s land mass was never formally ceded to the Crown, the opportunity to do so has now presented itself. However, identifying the amount of historical treaties as the sole influence over the contemporary process of land claims is an assumption that excludes the importance of regional circumstances in emerging self-government treaties. Therefore, the intention of this paper is to establish that this assumption is inadequate, and that regionalism better explains the historical, political, legal, and geographical reasons why First Nations’ self-government has surfaced exclusively in BC.
{"title":"Regional Disparity in Modern First Nations’ Treaty-Making","authors":"Anthony Gatensby","doi":"10.21083/SURG.V5I1.1442","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21083/SURG.V5I1.1442","url":null,"abstract":"First Nations’ self-government treaties have arisen solely in British Columbia, to the exclusion of every other Canadian province. At first glance, the amount of historical treaties enacted in what is now Ontario prevents new claims from being pursued. Therefore, the assumption exists that because the majority of British Columbia’s land mass was never formally ceded to the Crown, the opportunity to do so has now presented itself. However, identifying the amount of historical treaties as the sole influence over the contemporary process of land claims is an assumption that excludes the importance of regional circumstances in emerging self-government treaties. Therefore, the intention of this paper is to establish that this assumption is inadequate, and that regionalism better explains the historical, political, legal, and geographical reasons why First Nations’ self-government has surfaced exclusively in BC.","PeriodicalId":413751,"journal":{"name":"Studies by Undergraduate Researchers at Guelph","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133399485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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