Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics最新文献

A cross-sectional survey was conducted in Shanghai, China, from October to December 2022. Participants aged 40 years or older were recruited from seven community health centers (CHCs). Vaccine hesitancy was defined as participants who had neither received the HZ vaccine nor expressed intention to receive it. Data on socio-demographic characteristics, health behaviors and vaccine hesitancy were collected using a structured questionnaire. A PMT-based HZ vaccination intention scale consisting of five dimensions (Intrinsic Rewards, Extrinsic Rewards, Self-Efficacy, Response Efficacy, and Response Costs) was developed. Group comparisons between the vaccine hesitancy and non-hesitancy groups were made using the Mann-Whitney U test for continuous variables and the chi-square test for categorical variables. Logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with vaccine hesitancy, and a nomogram was constructed to summarize these associations. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was performed to assess the degree of association between the PMT dimensions and vaccine hesitancy.

Among 1,492 participants (median age 53; 64.2% female), 80.5% of participants reported HZ vaccine hesitancy. Hesitancy was significantly associated with older age, peri-urban residence, employment and no history of HZ infection (p < .01). Among the PMT dimensions, lower Self-Efficacy (p=0.025), higher Response Costs (p < .001), and stronger Intrinsic Rewards (p = .002) and Extrinsic Rewards (p < .001) significantly contributed to hesitancy, while Response Efficacy (p = .230) showed no clear association. The adjusted multivariate logistic regression model had an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.788, with Self-Efficacy and Extrinsic Rewards showing notable individual contributions (AUC = 0.713 and 0.696, respectively).

HZ vaccine hesitancy is shaped by psychological and contextual factors. Public health strategies should prioritize perceived rewards, self-efficacy, and response costs. The tools developed in this study may guide targeted interventions in primary care. Future research should validate them across populations and assess their predictive utility in real-world settings.

Clinical trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03962816).https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03962816.

Gender-neutral vaccination (GNV) of human papillomavirus (HPV) may help reduce the transmission and incidence of HPV-related diseases. However, approximately 40 countries have implemented HPV GNV schedules. We systematically evaluated HPV GNV cost-effectiveness models from January 2008 to May 2024 using MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane to identify key drivers of cost-effectiveness results. Fifty-three publications were included, primarily from high-income countries. Vaccine coverage, price, protection duration, and discount rates impacted cost-effectiveness, with lower prices and protection against HPV-related diseases resulting in cost-effective results. Results in models that included adults (≥18 years) were mixed and dependent on price, inclusion of non-cervical HPV-related diseases, and age groups considered. We conclude that HPV GNV can be a cost-effective strategy for preventing HPV-related diseases. However, its cost-effectiveness is highly dependent on vaccine coverage, price, and inclusion of non-cervical HPV-related diseases in models. Further economic evaluations of HPV GNV in low- and middle-income countries are recommended.

Respiratory infections significantly impact adult health in Southeast Asia, yet vaccine coverage remains low. This systematic review evaluated the economic evaluations of vaccines targeting respiratory infections in the region. A comprehensive search was conducted across several databases, including MEDLINE/PubMed, EMBASE, NHSEED, CINAHL, EconLit, Web of Science, Scopus, and Cochrane Library, up to April 24, 2024. Nineteen eligible studies were identified, focusing primarily on influenza (8 studies) and COVID-19 vaccines (7 studies), with fewer studies on pneumococcal (2 studies), varicella (1 study), and pertussis (1 study) vaccines. Overall, influenza, COVID-19 (boosters), and pneumococcal vaccines were found to be cost-effective or highly cost-effective compared to no-vaccine or no-booster scenarios. The only study on maternal pertussis vaccination found it not to be cost-effective. The most common parameters considered in sensitivity analyses were vaccine efficacy and discount rates. This review highlights the economic evaluations of influenza, COVID-19, and pneumococcal vaccines in Southeast Asia, providing essential evidence to guide vaccine policy. Future studies should address limitations in model selection, incorporate herd immunity, ensure the model validation (i.e. validity of cost and benefit measurements), and explore the cost-effectiveness of other vaccines across the region.

Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), the predominant immune cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME), facilitate proliferation, invasion, metastasis, angiogenesis, chemoresistance, and immunosuppression in colorectal cancer (CRC). The mutual pathological mechanisms remain unclear, necessitating an in-depth study of the relationship between TAMs and CRC. This paper employs bibliometric methods to analyze TAMs and CRC research literature, aiming to assess current trends, evaluate the research status, and forecast future directions and emerging topics. We searched for publications published in the Web of Science Core Collection (WOSCC) database from January 1, 2001 to July 31, 2024. Following the establishment of specific search criteria for time, publication type, and language, bibliometric analysis and data visualization were conducted using Microsoft Excel, R software, VOSviewer, and CiteSpace. A total of 1,218 publications authored by 8,302 researchers across 61 countries and 1,657 institutions were analyzed. They were published in 427 journals, covering 4,451 keywords and citing 65,174 references. Keyword co-occurrence and literature co-citation analysis identified nuclear factor kappa-B, endothelial growth factor, angiogenesis, polarization, TME, immune response, programmed cell death protein 1 blockade, and metabolism as current research hotspots and trends in this field. Immune therapy and cancer-associated fibroblasts are key research areas, with the potential for further exploration of their mechanisms and targeted therapies. This paper employs bibliometric methods to comprehensively analyze and visualize research papers in TAMs and CRC. It analyzes the TAM-targeting research landscape in CRC, mapping current frontiers and translational potential to position TAMs as a promising immunotherapeutic strategy.

In a previous phase 3 clinical trial, a 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV23) induced robust immune responses in participants aged 2 years and older. We conducted this study to evaluate the immune persistence of a single dose of PPV23 6 years after vaccination. In this follow-up study, 600 participants aged 2 years and older (referred to the age of vaccination) who had received a single dose of either test vaccine or control vaccine in the previous clinical trial were enrolled in a 3:1 ratio. Blood samples were collected to determine anti-capsular immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody levels against 23 serotypes with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). A total of 598 subjects were included for immune persistence analysis. Six years after vaccination, the geometric mean concentrations (GMCs) of IgG antibodies to most serotypes remained higher than prior to vaccination in both groups (1.1-1.8 folds vs.1.1-1.7 folds), although there was a significant decrease compared to 28 days. The results suggested PPV23 could provide protection 6 years after vaccination. Considering the significant decrease of antibody level, the revaccination in high-risk population may be needed.Trial registration: ClinicalTrial.gov identifier: NCT03480763.

The study was conducted to estimate the protective effectiveness (PE) of complete primary or booster dose regimens of COVID-19 vaccines deployed in Bangladesh. The study was conducted in four hospitals in Dhaka between December 30, 2021, and August 31, 2022 following a test-negative design. Patients aged ≥18 years attended with COVID-like symptoms were enrolled and tested for RT-PCR. Test-negative controls were matched to confirmed cases at a 1:1 ratio considering site, date, and age groups. Conditional logistic regression was used to estimate the PE considering the association between receipt of complete primary with or without a booster regimen and development of COVID-19 disease symptoms. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) was carried out to confirm the variants. RT-PCR positive 847 cases were matched to 847 controls. WGS of strains revealed 6% to be the Delta variant and 94% was Omicron variant. The PE conferred by receipt of complete primary regimen with or without booster dose of any vaccine revealed no significant protection (15%, 95% CI: -11 to 36, p = .23) against any COVID-19 disease or severe disease (14%, 95%CI: -23 to 39, p = .42). However, there was a protective association between receipt of complete primary regimen with or without booster dose of one mRNA vaccine (Pfizer-BioNTech) against any COVID-19 disease (88% (95% CI: 26 to 98, p = .023)) for the first 90 days. The analysis suggested little vaccine effectiveness during Omicron surge, with the possible exception of one mRNA-vaccine 90 days after dosing.

Nectin-4 has emerged as a pivotal therapeutic target for antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), particularly in advanced urothelial carcinoma (aUC) research. Although extensive literature has been reported on Nectin-4, it is worth noting that no studies have yet systematically investigated the hotspots, cutting-edge directions, and tissue expression of this target using a combination of bibliometric analysis and bioinformatics methods. Findings reveal growing interest in Nectin-4's role in cancer immunotherapy and ADC development. Urothelial carcinoma remains the primary focus, with breast and bladder cancers gaining traction. Key research priorities include optimizing ADC safety profiles, particularly managing cutaneous adverse events. Notably, dual targeting strategies combining Nectin-4 with TROP-2 show promise for next-generation ADC therapies. The study highlights evolving clinical needs, from target validation to treatment optimization, positioning Nectin-4 as a versatile biomarker bridging multiple cancer research domains. These insights emphasize the protein's translational potential while underscoring the importance of balancing therapeutic efficacy with toxicity management in ADC development.

In the past two years, pertussis cases in China have reemerged, shifting from infants to older children (≥6 years). In adults, underdiagnosis is common due to symptom overlap with other cough disease and limited testing, highlighting the need for better assessment in prolonged cough cases. Residual serum samples from 589 adults hospitalized with prolonged cough (≥2 weeks) formed the case group, while 589 age-, sex-, and region-matched non-cough patients served as controls. PT-IgG levels, measured via ELISA, indicated past (≥62.5 IU/mL) or recent infection (≥100 IU/mL, within a year). PT-IgG ≥ 62.5 IU/mL was detected in 17.0% of cases vs. 2.7% of controls, and ≥100 IU/mL in 7.3% vs. 1.0%. Cases had a higher median PT-IgG (16.74 vs. 2.50 IU/mL, p < .001). Among cases, those aged 60-69 had the highest PT-IgG ≥62.5 IU/mL (20.6%, P > .05). No significant difference in PT-IgG ≥ 62.5 IU/mL was observed between males and females in either group. No patients had documented pertussis. Pneumonia and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) were the most common comorbidities in PT-IgG ≥ 62.5 IU/mL cases (43.0% vs. 40.0%), similar to PT-IgG < 62.5 IU/mL cases (37.6% vs. 43.6%). A significant proportion of hospitalized adults with a cough ≥2 weeks have serological evidence of pertussis, which could be often misdiagnosed as pneumonia or COPD. It should be considered in differential diagnoses and confirmed with laboratory testing.

Pneumococcal disease poses a substantial clinical and economic burden, especially among children under 5 years old. The 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) was first introduced in South Korea's Childhood Immunization Program in 2014. In October 2023, the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety approved the use of a 15-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV15) in infants, children, adolescents, and adults. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cost savings of routine vaccination with PCV15 versus PCV13 in a pediatric population in South Korea. A Markov model was adapted to estimate costs and health outcomes from a societal perspective over a 100-year time horizon. The model estimated the impact of PCV15 versus PCV13 on pneumococcal disease incidence, post-meningitis sequalae, and deaths. The effectiveness of PCV15 was extrapolated from PCV13 data. Herd immunity effects were applied. Costs and epidemiological data were obtained from published literature and the National Health Information Database. Costs were reported in 2023 Korean Won (₩) with USD ($) equivalents. Quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios were estimated. The model assumed a discount rate of 4.5%. PCV15 was projected to provide a total savings of ₩36,213,756 [$27,751] with a gain of 2 QALYs versus PCV13. Under the model assumptions, switching from PCV13 to PCV15 is a cost-saving option for South Korea's routine pediatric pneumococcal vaccination program.