Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics最新文献

Pandemic-related disruptions in primary care delayed important discussions between providers and parents about routine vaccinations. Conversations have become even more challenging since the COVID-19 pandemic due to increased vaccine hesitancy. This qualitative study explored changes in human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine conversations within the context of the pandemic from the perspective of primary care team members (PCTMs). Twenty-five PCTMs serving children between 9 and 17 y old in Pennsylvania during the pandemic were conveniently sampled. PCTMs rated their confidence and agreement related to HPV vaccine conversations and pandemic impact. Semi-structured interview questions assessed changes in their HPV vaccine conversations throughout the pandemic. Open-ended questions inquired about PCTMs' thoughts on the COVID-19 pandemic and if or how it impacted HPV vaccination uptake in their practice. Data were collected from May to July 2024. Verbatim transcriptions were analyzed using both inductive and deductive approaches to thematic analysis. Participants were 44% pediatricians, 50% had ≥20 y experience, and 68% were White. Six themes emerged: (1) parents show a range of reactions about HPV vaccination; (2) disruptions in healthcare visits and heightened parental concerns impede vaccination; (3) PCTMs notice clear changes in vaccine acceptance rates; (4) reasons for vaccination refusal have not substantially changed as a result of the pandemic; (5) importance of interpersonal relationships with parents; and (6) PCTM burnout impacts conversations. The pandemic added challenges to HPV vaccine conversations with parents. Findings from this study can be used to refine existing communication approaches to improve HPV vaccine conversations in primary care.

Immunization is a crucial public health intervention, and in Ethiopia, a nation characterized by diversity, immunization coverage shows considerable variations. This study aims to assess immunization coverage across various vaccines in Ethiopia and understand the prevalence and factors affecting immunization rates. This study utilized secondary data from the 2019 Ethiopian Mini Demographic and Health Survey (EMDHS), a community-based cross-sectional study. A Poisson regression model was used to evaluate the children's immunization coverage: the number of vaccinations a child received across 18 different vaccines. The overall immunization coverage in Ethiopia was found to be 40%, with significant regional disparities. Coverage was highest in Addis Ababa and Harari and lowest in Afar and Somali regions. BCG had the highest coverage (34.42%), while measles-2 vaccination had the lowest (3.7%). The Poisson regression analysis identified several significant predictors of immunization uptake. Children from wealthier households, those born in public health facilities, and those whose mothers attended antenatal care (ANC) visits had higher immunization counts (p < .001). Conversely, children from rural areas, female children, and those born into larger families had lower immunization rates (p < .01). Maternal education, pregnancy counseling, and family planning utilization were positively associated with vaccine uptake. Despite improvements in immunization coverage, Ethiopia's rates remain below the African regional average. Socioeconomic disparities, healthcare access, and maternal education significantly influence vaccination rates. Strengthening community-based outreach, expanding ANC services, improving healthcare infrastructure, and addressing gender-related disparities can enhance immunization coverage.

Vaccination is the most effective measure to prevent Chlamydia infection. However, to date, no vaccine has successfully completed the rigorous clinical trial process and gained regulatory approval for use in clinical practice. Scholars have been working on a safe and effective Chlamydia vaccine. In order to better grasp, the global frontiers and development trends in this field, a comprehensive bibliometric analysis was carried out. A total of 234 publications closely regarding Chlamydia vaccines were culled from the Web of Science Core Collection database, and the bibliometric information was then extracted with CiteSpace and VOSviewer software. After measurement analysis, the most influential papers were identified in this area, including highly cited papers, references with strong citation burst, and high co-citated papers. Vaccine has published the most literature on Chlamydia vaccines. Only scholars from 39 countries/regions have been engaged in studying Chlamydia vaccines. The USA is the most prolific country and has the highest collaborative strength. The current research area has focused on protective immunity and immunopathological response. Major outer membrane protein (MOMP) is the most common target vaccine antigen. This study reveals the status of literature and highlights emerging trends in this field, which helps researchers seek insights into this area and serve as a reference guide for further investigations.

Chinese authority approved nirsevimab to prevent respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in January 2024. We aimed to assess the cost-effectiveness of nirsevimab immunization among infants in Shanghai. A decision-tree Markov model was developed to compare two strategies - year-round and seasonal immunization - with nonintervention, from a societal perspective, using RSV-associated disease burden and demographic data. Twelve monthly birth cohorts were followed through 24 one-month Markov cycles. Two scenarios of nirsevimab efficacy were considered: short-duration and long-duration. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) (incremental costs per quality-adjusted life year [QALY] gained) was calculated and the willingness-to-pay (WTP) threshold was set at gross domestic product (GDP) per capita. Sensitivity analysis was performed to evaluate the uncertainty. Both immunization strategies demonstrated cost-effectiveness across efficacy scenarios, with seasonal approach yielding lower ICERs than the year-round approach. The cost-effectiveness of the seasonal approach was influenced by the timing of its administration. Nirsevimab immunization may be an economically favorable strategy for infant RSV prevention in Shanghai. The optimal program timing of seasonal immunization requires further investigation to maximize public health impact.

In recent years, there has been an increase in the reported incidence of pertussis in various countries, especially after the COVID-19 pandemic, where a sharp resurgence of pertussis has been observed. The majority of cases occur in infants, but the incidence among adults and adolescents has significantly increased. Considering the current pertussis vaccination guidelines, there are apparent deficiencies in vaccination for young infants, adolescents, and adults. It is crucial to actively research and develop vaccines, strengthen immunization efforts, improve monitoring methods, and raise public awareness of the disease.

Two pneumococcal conjugate vaccines, PCV15 and PCV20, were licensed in June 2021. PCV15 includes two additional serotypes (22F, 33F) beyond those in PCV13, while PCV20 adds seven more (8, 10A, 11A, 12F, 15B, 22F, 33F), covering approximately 30% of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) cases in adults. In June 2023, the US CDC's Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommended either PCV15 or PCV20 for all children aged < 5 years and children aged 2‒18 years with risk conditions. In June 2024, the FDA approved PCV21 for adults ≥ 18 years. In October 2024, ACIP recommended either PCV20 or PCV21 alone or PCV15 with PPSV23 for adults ≥ 50 years or 19-49 years with risk conditions. These advancements highlight the evolving landscape of pneumococcal vaccination. This review examines the molecular epidemiology of pneumococcal infections, advancements in diagnostic methods, and the anticipated public health impact of these vaccines in reducing pneumococcal disease burden.

Immunotherapy has revolutionized the treatment landscape of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), significantly improving survival outcomes and offering renewed hope to patients. However, the presence of interstitial lung abnormalities (ILAs) in patients with NSCLC presents unique challenges, especially due to the elevated risk of immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI)-related pneumonitis, which can result in treatment interruptions and adversely affect prognosis. ILAs, often detected incidentally on computed tomography imaging, are associated with an increased risk of progression to interstitial lung disease and have been identified as a potential predictor of poor clinical outcomes in patients with NSCLC receiving immunotherapy. This review offers an overview of the current understanding of the interaction between ILAs and ICI therapy, discussing prevalence, radiological features, risk stratification, and management strategies. Additionally, it highlights the need for prospective, multicenter studies to establish optimal treatment modalities for patients with NSCLC having ILAs, to ensure safer and more effective immunotherapy.

In recent years, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have emerged as a novel immunotherapeutic approach, offering renewed hope for enhancing cervical cancer patient prognosis. This study represents the inaugural bibliometric analysis of ICIs in the context of cervical cancer, covering the period from 2014 to 2024. A total of 422 articles were identified through the Web of Science Core Collection database, amassing 10,977 citations, with a consistent annual increase in the number of publications. The leading contributors in terms of countries, institutions, journals, and authors included China, the University of Texas System, Frontiers in Oncology, and Bradley J. Monk, respectively. The journal with the highest frequency of citation and co-citation was Journal of Clinical Oncology. The researchers with the highest number of citations and co-citations were Sarina A Piha-Paul and Krishnansu S Tewari respectively. The keyword cluster analysis identified four main research directions. Furthermore, literature co-citation analysis and burst citation analysis revealed three research hotspots and four potential emerging topics within this domain, respectively. This study provides valuable reference and enlightenment for researchers in this field. As research progresses, ICIs are anticipated to offer significant hope and breakthroughs in the treatment of cervical cancer.

Immunity has vital research value and promising applications in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Nevertheless, few bibliometric analyses have systematically investigated this area. This study aimed to comprehensively review the collaboration and impact of countries, institutions, authors, and journals on the role of immunity in TNBC from a bibliometric perspective, evaluate the keyword co-occurrence of the knowledge structure, and identify hot trends and emerging topics. Articles and reviews related to immunity in TNBC were retrieved from the Web of Science core collection using subject search. A bibliometric study was conducted primarily using CiteSpace and VOSviewer. A total of 3,104 articles and reviews were included from January 1, 2014, through December 31, 2024. The number of articles on immunization in TNBC is rising. These publications are mainly from 415 institutions in 82 countries, led by China and the USA. Among these publications, Lajos Pusztai published the most papers, while Peter Schmid was co-cited the most. The most productive journals focused on molecular biology, biological immunology, and clinical medicine. Furthermore, co-citation analysis revealed that tumor microenvironment, biomarkers, and immune checkpoint inhibitors are current and developing research areas. The keywords "immunotherapy" and "nanoparticles" are also likely to be new trends and focal points for future research. This study adopted bibliometric and visualization methods to provide a comprehensive review of the research on immunization in TNBC. This article will help researchers better understand the dynamic evolution of the role of immunity in TNBC and identify areas for future research.

Children with primary immunodeficiency disorder (PID) are at higher risk of developing vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis (VAPP) or vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPV) infection when inadvertently expose to poliovirus vaccine, oral (OPV). A pilot study was initiated to describe the epidemiology of immunodeficiency-associated VDPV (iVDPV) and to estimate the risk of iVDPV shedding among individuals with PID. Children under 18 years of age newly diagnosed with PID were recruited for investigation and tested for poliovirus excretion. Children with poliovirus-positive stool samples had regular follow-up testing for poliovirus excretion and determination of clinical prognosis. A patient with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) with compound heterozygous mutations in the RAG1 gene was found to be excreting Sabin-like type 3 (SL3) poliovirus. Excretion stopped six weeks after hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (HSCT). Graft versus host disease (GVHD) and poor graft function (PGF) occurred after HSCT, resulting in failure of hematopoiesis and immune system reconstitution. Given deficient innate and adaptive immunity, immune-mediated destruction of gastrointestinal (GI) tract caused by GVHD and inflammatory diarrheal illness of the girl may have contributed to her clearance of SL3 poliovirus. Intermittent surveillance of immune system parameters for iVDPV excreters receiving HSCT should be included in the PID surveillance program for further understanding poliovirus clearance mechanisms.