Food is central to individual and community well-being and represents a nexus for exploring community development. A community development framework is particularly relevant for exploring food cooperatives’ role, helping investigate ties and norms binding individuals and organizations, providing insight into cooperative development and cooperative management relations, and influencing economic self-sufficiency. Food cooperatives motivate the participation of many as a locus where efforts are combined in an egalitarian and democratic fashion. This provides for both food security and community and economic development. City Market in Burlington, Vermont is examined as a case to illustrate how cooperative development aligns with community development, and how relations between these two areas influence economic self-sufficiency. The article explains how cooperative development, at least in the case of a food cooperative, aligns with community development providing an example of economic self-help, because it’s about collective efforts expanding community members’ access to healthy, affordable food.
{"title":"Food Cooperatives as Community-Level Self-Help and Development","authors":"R. Phillips","doi":"10.2190/SH.6.2.F","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2190/SH.6.2.F","url":null,"abstract":"Food is central to individual and community well-being and represents a nexus for exploring community development. A community development framework is particularly relevant for exploring food cooperatives’ role, helping investigate ties and norms binding individuals and organizations, providing insight into cooperative development and cooperative management relations, and influencing economic self-sufficiency. Food cooperatives motivate the participation of many as a locus where efforts are combined in an egalitarian and democratic fashion. This provides for both food security and community and economic development. City Market in Burlington, Vermont is examined as a case to illustrate how cooperative development aligns with community development, and how relations between these two areas influence economic self-sufficiency. The article explains how cooperative development, at least in the case of a food cooperative, aligns with community development providing an example of economic self-help, because it’s about collective efforts expanding community members’ access to healthy, affordable food.","PeriodicalId":64356,"journal":{"name":"自我保健","volume":"20 1","pages":"189-203"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72703408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Editor's Note: Special Issue on Nordic Self-Help","authors":"T. Borkman","doi":"10.2190/SH.6.1.A","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2190/SH.6.1.A","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":64356,"journal":{"name":"自我保健","volume":"49 1","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85726818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Indígenas in Chiapas, Mexico have been engaged in community building for decades, particularly in the Lacandon forest. The people of Chiapas, Mexico have struggled for decades as organizations formed and collapsed as members disagreed over missions and objectives, or were co-opted by elites, representatives of elites, or officials in state and federal agencies. This process created an atmosphere in which hierarchical organizations and government/foreign aid are distrusted. In response, many people in Chiapas, particularly indigenous Mayans, have been seeking to build self-sufficient autonomy through collective democratic governance and cooperative economic development at the family, community, and regional levels. The purpose of this article is to show how the struggle for autonomy and economic survival, which has prompted to undertake democratization and economic development activities in autonomous communities developed by the Zapatistas, help to overcome crisis through practices that serve the needs of the community.
{"title":"Collective Democracy and Cooperative Development in Chiapas, Mexico","authors":"Keith Hollinger","doi":"10.2190/SH.6.2.G","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2190/SH.6.2.G","url":null,"abstract":"The Indígenas in Chiapas, Mexico have been engaged in community building for decades, particularly in the Lacandon forest. The people of Chiapas, Mexico have struggled for decades as organizations formed and collapsed as members disagreed over missions and objectives, or were co-opted by elites, representatives of elites, or officials in state and federal agencies. This process created an atmosphere in which hierarchical organizations and government/foreign aid are distrusted. In response, many people in Chiapas, particularly indigenous Mayans, have been seeking to build self-sufficient autonomy through collective democratic governance and cooperative economic development at the family, community, and regional levels. The purpose of this article is to show how the struggle for autonomy and economic survival, which has prompted to undertake democratization and economic development activities in autonomous communities developed by the Zapatistas, help to overcome crisis through practices that serve the needs of the community.","PeriodicalId":64356,"journal":{"name":"自我保健","volume":"7 1","pages":"205-223"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82128297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Consumer run-organizations (CROs) are participant-driven mutual aid/ self-help settings that have acquired a non-profit status and relay on external grant support. CROs have their roots in self-help groups but besides hosting group meetings they also provide their participants with educational and leadership opportunities typically found in other small non-profit organizations. Active participation in CROs has been shown to have a positive impact on recovery from mental illness, yet we know little about the characteristics of people who are most likely to become long-time active CRO members. All new members (n = 172) of 10 CROs were interviewed at baseline and followed up at 12 months to see if they were still CRO members. Results of discriminant analysis indicated that individuals who were older, had larger social networks, lived longer in their communities, spent more time home alone, and scored lower on control in daily life were more likely to still be members of their respective CROs 12 months after their baseline *Research supported through a jointly funded grant from the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) and Substance Abuse & Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) – R34 HCP0607
{"title":"Who Stays, Who Goes: A 12-Month Follow-Up Study of New Members of Consumer Run Organizations","authors":"O. Dziadkowiec, G. Meissen, S. Wituk","doi":"10.2190/SH.6.2.H","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2190/SH.6.2.H","url":null,"abstract":"Consumer run-organizations (CROs) are participant-driven mutual aid/ self-help settings that have acquired a non-profit status and relay on external grant support. CROs have their roots in self-help groups but besides hosting group meetings they also provide their participants with educational and leadership opportunities typically found in other small non-profit organizations. Active participation in CROs has been shown to have a positive impact on recovery from mental illness, yet we know little about the characteristics of people who are most likely to become long-time active CRO members. All new members (n = 172) of 10 CROs were interviewed at baseline and followed up at 12 months to see if they were still CRO members. Results of discriminant analysis indicated that individuals who were older, had larger social networks, lived longer in their communities, spent more time home alone, and scored lower on control in daily life were more likely to still be members of their respective CROs 12 months after their baseline *Research supported through a jointly funded grant from the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) and Substance Abuse & Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) – R34 HCP0607","PeriodicalId":64356,"journal":{"name":"自我保健","volume":"136 1","pages":"225-242"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76435672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article focuses on how recognition and general acceptance of self-help groups and self-help organisations in Denmark change over time from 1848 up until today. The development between 1960 and 2000 is given a special focus. The article discusses in a Foucauldian perspective the Danish discourse of self-help in relation to welfare policy, professional intervention, social movements, self-help organizations, and applied social research and illuminates how notions about “help” and “adequate support” for citizens are constantly defined and re-defined as part of a cultural process in the Danish context. The article further discusses how Danish welfare policy is influenced by global changes in discourses in a way that demonstrates the international significance of the “Danish case.”
{"title":"Social Policy and Self-Help in Denmark—A Foucauldian Perspective","authors":"Kjeld Høgsbro","doi":"10.2190/SH.6.1.D","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2190/SH.6.1.D","url":null,"abstract":"This article focuses on how recognition and general acceptance of self-help groups and self-help organisations in Denmark change over time from 1848 up until today. The development between 1960 and 2000 is given a special focus. The article discusses in a Foucauldian perspective the Danish discourse of self-help in relation to welfare policy, professional intervention, social movements, self-help organizations, and applied social research and illuminates how notions about “help” and “adequate support” for citizens are constantly defined and re-defined as part of a cultural process in the Danish context. The article further discusses how Danish welfare policy is influenced by global changes in discourses in a way that demonstrates the international significance of the “Danish case.”","PeriodicalId":64356,"journal":{"name":"自我保健","volume":"29 3","pages":"43-64"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72576151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As readers of this Journal know, today self-help groups number in the hundreds of thousands, and they bring together people who wish to address a very wide variety of burdens—from parents of children with various types of disabilities to children with parents with various sorts of troubles. In each group, however, the method is the same: peers come together who are confronting the same type of problem and by creating a non-judgmental context in which they can share their lived experiences as equal persons, they seek to inspire the insight and courage necessary for personal acceptance and change. In the last several decades, in a parallel universe, thousands of people, in this country and in many others, with a common economic need—to earn a livelihood, to have a decent place to live, to have nutritious food—have also come together on an equal footing to build self-managing organizations in which they can earn a living or provide for their food or shelter. They have created all sorts of experiments in cooperative workplaces and collaborative communities— from hybrid organizations like SEWA in India that are part union, part cooperative to micro-credit groups of five women each in the villages of Bangladesh to the workers’ cooperatives in developed nations like the United States. In the examples of cooperatives and self-reliant communities reported in this volume, as in the self-help groups, members reject the conventional dictates of bureaucratic rules and hierarchal relationships because they have found them self-defeating,
{"title":"Co-Operative Workplaces, Collaborative Communities: An Introduction to Economic Self-Help and Mutual Aid","authors":"Joyce M. Rothschild","doi":"10.2190/SH.6.2.B","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2190/SH.6.2.B","url":null,"abstract":"As readers of this Journal know, today self-help groups number in the hundreds of thousands, and they bring together people who wish to address a very wide variety of burdens—from parents of children with various types of disabilities to children with parents with various sorts of troubles. In each group, however, the method is the same: peers come together who are confronting the same type of problem and by creating a non-judgmental context in which they can share their lived experiences as equal persons, they seek to inspire the insight and courage necessary for personal acceptance and change. In the last several decades, in a parallel universe, thousands of people, in this country and in many others, with a common economic need—to earn a livelihood, to have a decent place to live, to have nutritious food—have also come together on an equal footing to build self-managing organizations in which they can earn a living or provide for their food or shelter. They have created all sorts of experiments in cooperative workplaces and collaborative communities— from hybrid organizations like SEWA in India that are part union, part cooperative to micro-credit groups of five women each in the villages of Bangladesh to the workers’ cooperatives in developed nations like the United States. In the examples of cooperatives and self-reliant communities reported in this volume, as in the self-help groups, members reject the conventional dictates of bureaucratic rules and hierarchal relationships because they have found them self-defeating,","PeriodicalId":64356,"journal":{"name":"自我保健","volume":"53 1","pages":"121-127"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83100328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article examines the goals and purposes of internet-based self-help/ mutual aid organizations (SHOs) for people afflicted with functional syndromes. Online SHOs for functional syndromes in the United States and Germany are analyzed and compared. The analysis is guided by a distinctive conceptual framework combining medical sociology and self-help/mutual aid literature. The article contributes to the literature on online SHOs and health social movements by showing that online SHOs are dual purpose organizations: they assist sufferers and engage in advocacy. The SHOs also contribute to health social movements. The SHOs demand a biomedical explanation and treatment of the functional syndromes and use the Internet extensively to pursue their advocacy and educational goals. The particular perspectives and activities of the SHOs in Germany and the United States result from different concepts of health and disease as well as different advocacy venues. However, the American SHOs’ viewpoint dominates. *The article is based on the author’s Ph.D. research.
{"title":"Illness Without a Cause—Patients with a Cause: Online Self-Help/Mutual Aid Organizations for Functional Syndromes in the United States and Germany","authors":"G. Hearn","doi":"10.2190/SH.5.1.E","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2190/SH.5.1.E","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines the goals and purposes of internet-based self-help/ mutual aid organizations (SHOs) for people afflicted with functional syndromes. Online SHOs for functional syndromes in the United States and Germany are analyzed and compared. The analysis is guided by a distinctive conceptual framework combining medical sociology and self-help/mutual aid literature. The article contributes to the literature on online SHOs and health social movements by showing that online SHOs are dual purpose organizations: they assist sufferers and engage in advocacy. The SHOs also contribute to health social movements. The SHOs demand a biomedical explanation and treatment of the functional syndromes and use the Internet extensively to pursue their advocacy and educational goals. The particular perspectives and activities of the SHOs in Germany and the United States result from different concepts of health and disease as well as different advocacy venues. However, the American SHOs’ viewpoint dominates. *The article is based on the author’s Ph.D. research.","PeriodicalId":64356,"journal":{"name":"自我保健","volume":"17 1","pages":"19-42"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80268152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Reflections on Researching and Writing—The History of Gay People in Alcoholics Anonymous: From the Beginning: An Experience Report","authors":"Audrey Borden","doi":"10.2190/SH.5.4.D","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2190/SH.5.4.D","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":64356,"journal":{"name":"自我保健","volume":"34 1","pages":"307-315"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84325254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim of this article is to demonstrate the effects of national traditions, the health system, cultural transitions, and broader political movements on the development of self-help. Germany, where the author has been both observer and activist for over 30 years, is used as an example of self-help in one country. The students’ rebellion in the late 1960s provided the historic and cultural ground for the emergence of collectives without professional leadership. The relationship between patients and doctors changed fundamentally; “experts through experience” showed up along side traditional “experts through formal education.” From a grassroots movement of spontaneous self-helpers, organizations and institutions were developed. Academic research played a significant supporting role as “neutral witness.” Attitudes and behavior of professionals, especially in the medical field, changed slowly, and, today, financial support for self-help is an obligation of Germany’s statutory health insurance. Some see this as an “impact factor” of the highest relevance for our society. *This article is dedicated to my friend and former colleague Judy Wilson, who represented England in the international network of self-help group supporters for so many years, and to Dick Wilson, my friend and occasional language coach.
{"title":"Self-Help/Mutual Aid in Germany—A 30 Year Perspective of a Participant Observer","authors":"J. Matzat","doi":"10.2190/SH.5.3.E","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2190/SH.5.3.E","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this article is to demonstrate the effects of national traditions, the health system, cultural transitions, and broader political movements on the development of self-help. Germany, where the author has been both observer and activist for over 30 years, is used as an example of self-help in one country. The students’ rebellion in the late 1960s provided the historic and cultural ground for the emergence of collectives without professional leadership. The relationship between patients and doctors changed fundamentally; “experts through experience” showed up along side traditional “experts through formal education.” From a grassroots movement of spontaneous self-helpers, organizations and institutions were developed. Academic research played a significant supporting role as “neutral witness.” Attitudes and behavior of professionals, especially in the medical field, changed slowly, and, today, financial support for self-help is an obligation of Germany’s statutory health insurance. Some see this as an “impact factor” of the highest relevance for our society. *This article is dedicated to my friend and former colleague Judy Wilson, who represented England in the international network of self-help group supporters for so many years, and to Dick Wilson, my friend and occasional language coach.","PeriodicalId":64356,"journal":{"name":"自我保健","volume":"130 1","pages":"279-294"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72880827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In any field research, the principle of reciprocity between researchers and research participants is crucial, and in specific cross-cultural contexts, it is managed differently. The purpose of this article is to explore the complexities involved in sustaining reciprocity during research involving self-help organizations in Japan. The Japanese cultural norm, “giri” (obligation), is explored through the analysis of three case studies: one describing a successful entry into the field while avoiding any loss of face by the research participants; a second describing the different levels of information collected through long-term research; and the third describing a failure in maintaining the reciprocity by wrongly extending giri-relationships. The implications of giri for field research on Japanese self-help organizations are also discussed.
{"title":"Research on Self-Help Organizations in Japan: Working with a Sense of Duty (\" Giri \")","authors":"T. Oka, R. Chenhall","doi":"10.2190/SH.5.4.H","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2190/SH.5.4.H","url":null,"abstract":"In any field research, the principle of reciprocity between researchers and research participants is crucial, and in specific cross-cultural contexts, it is managed differently. The purpose of this article is to explore the complexities involved in sustaining reciprocity during research involving self-help organizations in Japan. The Japanese cultural norm, “giri” (obligation), is explored through the analysis of three case studies: one describing a successful entry into the field while avoiding any loss of face by the research participants; a second describing the different levels of information collected through long-term research; and the third describing a failure in maintaining the reciprocity by wrongly extending giri-relationships. The implications of giri for field research on Japanese self-help organizations are also discussed.","PeriodicalId":64356,"journal":{"name":"自我保健","volume":"52 364 1","pages":"371-392"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83741446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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